Lecture 7 Flashcards
What DSM had autistic disorder in a branch of pervasive developmental disorders?
4
What other syndrome was under pervasive developmental disorders in DSM-IV?
autistic disorder
Rett syndrome
pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified, and Rett syndrome
Asperger syndrome
What is a missing core characteristic of ASD?
impairment in social interaction
impairments in communication (e.g., speech and language delays)
restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour
What is a missing disorder in DSM-5 that we talked about?
ASD
communication disorders
specific learning disorder
intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
What replaces the term “mental retardation” in the DSM-5, and what disorder is it associated with?
intellectual disability, and is intellectual development disorder
What relies mroe on adaptive functioning rather than on specific IQ scores (disorder)?
intellectual development disorder
What disorder is an example of communication disorders?
language disorder
speech sound disorder
childhood-onset fluency disorder
social (pragmatic) communication disorder
What is defined as changing from expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorder?
communication disorders
What type of language is difficulty with word retrieval?
expressive language
What type of language is formulation difficulties?
expressive language
What type of language is “scripted” language e.g., song lyrics?
expressive language
What type of language is intereference of “special interests” in ASD?
expressive language
What type of language is difficulty with pronouns in ASD?
expressive language
What type of language is difficulty with narrative organization?
expressive language
What type of language is diffculty with turn-taking/pragmatics of language?
expressive language
What type of language is struggling with non-verbal communication e.g., eye contact, personal space, etc.?
expressive language
Autism spectrum disorder eliminates _ developmental disorder and its subcategories (autistic disorder, Rett’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger’s disease, and others not specified)
pervasive
Children meeting the criteria that was originally under pervasive developmental disorder with varying degrees of severity without relating to spoken language is
autism spectrum disorder
What combines diagnoses of reading disorder, disorder of written expression, mathematics disorders, and those not specified?
specific learning disorder
What recognizes the need to use a variety of culturally and linguistically appropriate assessment tools and strategies and does not require use of a standardized measure?
specific learning disorder
What disorder does not include oral language?
specific learning disorder
What disorder has no reference to modalities of language?
specific learning disorder
What is another name for autistic spectrum disorder?
social communication disorder
What disorder presents ritualistic/repetitive behaviours and interests as a deciding factor in its diagnosis?
autism spectrum disorder
What requires a genetic test that originally belonged to the disorders under rpervasive developmental disorder?
Rett’s syndrome
What disorder falls under autism spectrum disorder as age of possible regression will be raised?
childhood disintegrative disorder
What disorder presents qualitative impairment in social interaction, normal iq, normal to advanced language form and content, as well as specialized, compelling “interests”?
Asperger’s Syndrome
What do these describe?
marked impairment in multiple nonverbal behaviours
failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level
lack of spontaneous desire to establish relationships with other people
lack of social or emotional reciprocity?
qualitative impairment in social interaction as a part of Asperger’s syndrome
What is a missing diagnostic criterium for ASD, according to the DSM5?
persistent deficits in social communication/interaction across a variety of contexts
restricted, repetitive behaviours and sensory concerns
symptoms occur during early development
symptoms are clinically significant on a functional level
deficits are not better explained by intellectual disability
What is a missing diagnostic criterium for ASD, according to the DSM5?
restricted, repetitive behaviours and sensory concerns
symptoms occur during early development
symptoms are clinically significant on a functional level
deficits are not better explained by intellectual disability
persistent deficits in social communication/interaction across a variety of contexts
What is a missing diagnostic criterium for ASD, according to the DSM5?
restricted, repetitive behaviours and sensory concerns
persistent deficits in social communication/interaction across a variety of contexts
deficits are not better explained by intellectual disability
symptoms occur during early development
symptoms are clinically significant on a functional level
Severeity of what must be specified in diagnosing ASD?
development/maintenance of social relationships, reciprocity, and/or nonverbal communication
What behaviours are specified for their severity according to diagnosing ASD?
restricted, repetitive behaviours and sensory concerns
What may only become apparent as social demands increase?
symptoms during early development that precipidate diagnostic criterium for ASD
Of the 3 severity ratings for diagnosing ASD, what level/s require support?
all of them
Of the 3 severity ratings for diagnosing ASD, what does level 3 signifiy?
requiring very substantial support, more associated with DSM, general iq, and possible cognitive impairment
Of the 3 severity ratings for diagnosing ASD, what does level 2 signifyy?
requiring substantial support, most likely due to increased anxiety
What criteria for diagnosing ASD requiries severity ratings?
social interaction and restricted, repetitive behaviours
Can a child with ASD also have intellectual disabilities?
yes
Can a child with ASD also have language impairment?
yes
Can a child with ASD also have associated neurodevelopmental, menta or behavioural disorders?
yes
What is sometimes prescribed for catatonia in ASD?
ect
What type of behaviour is not included in social (pragmatic) communication disorder?
stereotypies
What is a missing component of social (pragmatic) communication disorder?
persistent difficulties with social use of verbal and nonverbal communication
affects social participation, relationships, academic/occupational achievement
onset in early development but may become apparent only when social demands increase
symptoms nto attributable to other medical or neurological conditions including ASD, intellectual disability, etc.
What is a missing component of social (pragmatic) communication disorder?
symptoms nto attributable to other medical or neurological conditions including ASD, intellectual disability, etc.
affects social participation, relationships, academic/occupational achievement
onset in early development but may become apparent only when social demands increase
persistent difficulties with social use of verbal and nonverbal communication
What is a missing component of social (pragmatic) communication disorder?
symptoms nto attributable to other medical or neurological conditions including ASD, intellectual disability, etc.
affects social participation, relationships,
onset in early development but may become apparent only when social demands increase
academic/occupational achievement
What are possible additional diagnoses for social pragmatic communication disorder? social phobia dysfluency intellectual disability ASDHD language disabilities and
speech sound disabilities
What type of speech sound disabilities are associated with SCD?
NOT structural (NOT cleft palate, hearing loss, selective mutism or dysarthria)
What type of language idsabilities are associated with SCD?
repective, expressive and mixed
Why are girls better at hiding ASD?
usually more ahead than boys in acquiring social skills
Up to _ % children may remain nonverbal, according to the Autism developmental disabilities monitoring network
40
_ of children are intellectually challenged in ASD kids
30 - 51%
What ratio of boys to girls are associated with aSD?
3 or 4 to 1
What differences/integration are co-morbid with ASDs?
anxiety and sensory differences/initegration
Why is the genetic component of ASD controversial?
genetic counselling can have parents monitor whether child has it, and those with the condition argue that is unethical
what are the potential causes of ASD?
genetics
neurological
course of development
environmental influences
Genetics using _ and _ studies suggest a likely predisposition for ASD, with comorbity higher in _ compared to _
family and twin studies
higher in identical than fraternal twins
The genes implicated with ASD are
7, 15, 17
What production is associated with ASD at the genetic level, and is associated with anxiety and its modalities?
serotonin and oxytocin production
Both genetic and non genetic factors exist in _
heritability
Abnormal regulation of brain growth in autism results in early _ followed by abnormally _ growth
overgrowth followed by abnormally slow groth in teens
By what year is Theory of Mind/mindblindness associated with ASD?
2 years old
Theory of mind suggests that it is depends on how one is raised, and the type of language one is exposed to - _ children who were raised by _ parents experiences less ToM than those born to _ parents - experience a greater range of communication methods as opposed to _ parents
DEAF children who were raised by HEARING parents experienced less ToM than those born to DEAF parents - experience a greater range of communication methods (some hearing parents never learn sign languaeg), as opposed to DEAF parnts
ASD is associated with Overgrowth of _ compared to _ with differences in connectivity between the _ and cortical areas within each hemisphere
more white than grey matter, and different connections between hemispheres (interhemispherical)
ASD is associated with damage to the _, _, and _
prefrontal cortex, limbic system and brainstem
ASD is associated with _ deficits (loss of _ early in development)
cerebellar deficitis
loss of neurons early in development
ASD is associated with _ cell density (nerve cells were?/not? pruned back as happens in typical brain development)
increased cell density and NOT ENOUGH pruning as in typical brain development
ASD is associated with excess _
dopamine
ASD is associated with abnormal connectivity between brain cells responsible for _, facial expressio and _ processing
imitation, facial expression, and sensory processing
What do mirror neurons do?
movemet activates others’ similar cognitive process as though they also did it (e.g., confederate moving his arms alerts mirror neurons of participant, as if she was moving too)
Neurobiological differences in ASD are associated with evidence of _ processes affecting dbrain development
autoimmune
What are possible developmental causes in ASD?
medical conditions like seizures, difficult delivery and/or delayed breathing at birth, and
decelopment concerns shown by 2nd year, not apparent before and not sure whether triggered by a virus or not…
Do “refrigerator mothers” cause autism?
fuck no
What medication is potentially associated with ASD, and is used for seizures?
valproate
Do vaccines cause ASD?
fuck no
What is associated with ASD, re FAS?
alcohol
Infections associated with ASD are rubella, or _, a bad cold
cytomegalovirus
Environmental pollutants such as food sources, air quality and _ are potentially associated with ASD
plastics exposure
There is/are only one?/several? genese predispoing an individual for the development of specific symptoms of ASD
several
Identifiable genetic conditions may account for _ to _ % of ASD cases
10 to 20%
Siblings of children have a _ likelihood of being diagnosed with an ASD, or to have isolated symptoms
higher likelihood of ASD
T or F: children born prematurely and at very low birthweights are at risk of ASD
true
Which study funded by the National Institutes of Health will be able to examine the exposures of ASD in children, and didn’t find a link between vaccines and autism
National Children’s Study
What may help explain why people with autism have difficulties with learning and understanding social interaction?
identifying abnormal connectivity between brain cells responsible for imitation, facial expression and sensory processing (imitation is for creating bonds, facial expression is for reading emotions and sensory processing is involved with knowing how to react
What differences are highly variable (typical to highly challenged), and associated with tonal differences in ASD kids?
motor differences
What is associated with highly variability, poor body image/proprioception/coordination, tonal differences, and affecting walking, running and jumping?
gross motor skills deficitis in ASD
What is associated with high variability, poor proprioception/coordination, tonal differences, difficulties with cutting, drawing, writing, can impact ability to use sign language, and may require adaptive computer technologies?
fine motor skills deficits in ASD kids
What limb concern is associated with ASD?
limb dyspraxia
What are relied upon for assessment of communication skills in ASD kids?
parent reports and Freefield method
Waht are freefield assessments?
noting how the kid plays and monitoring compared to standards
What type of testing is used for assessing ASD kids’ communication skills?
standardized testing
Whatis emphasized first when assessing ASD kids’ communication skills?
prelinguistic behaviours and play development (freefield)
What is emphasized after assessing prelinguistic behaviours and play style when assessing ASD kids’ communication skills?
speech and language content, particularly socio-pragmatic aspect of language
Whatis emphasized after assessing speech and language content and form, when assessing ASD kids’ communication skills?
higher level languagel functions
What higher level language functions are assessed when looking at ASD kids’ communication skills?
idiomatic language and narrative development
What needs to be the priority when assessing communication skills in children as they become teens and adults with ASD?
pragmatics/social language use
What are the speech production characteristics of ASD?
they can vary; they can be typical, flat, or even highly dynamic
What would reading very quickly for a 2 or 3 year old, yet poor comprehension be associated with?
an underlying oral-motor problem, especially developmetnal verbal dyspraxia
What would reading very quickly for a 2 or 3 year old, yet poor comprehension be associated with?
hyperlexia
Is dysarthria typical for ASD?
no
Can kids have phonological delay with ASD?
yes
Tor F: ASD kids often have difficulties with phonemic awareness skills for reading (most often sight word readers)
true
Poor phonological representations and organization lead to word retrieval difficulties and
general verbal formulation challenges
Are poor phonological representations and organization associated with receptive or expressive communication skills?
expressive (speaking, rather than understanding)
What differences are in terms of volume, intonation, and can be speech production characteristics of ASD?
prosodic differences
What behaviours in ASD kids are often associated with attentional challenges/poor listening skills?
moving alot to communicate physically
What type of language in autism is associated with slow auditory processing speecd?
receptive
What type of language in autsm is associated with auditory capacity limitations?
receptive
Do kids with autism have greater difficulties with grammatical function words or content (meaning-based) vocabulary?
grammatical function
What type of language in autism is associated withunderstanding abstract, idiomatic language?
receptive
What type of language in autism is associated with difficulties with “theory of mind”/ mindblindness / pronouns, narrative struction?
receptive
_ is a syndrome that is characterized by a child’s precocious ability to read (far above what would be expected at their age), significant difficulty in understanding and using verbal language (or a profound nonverbal learning disability), and significant problems during social interactions.
hyperlexia
_ is defined as the unsolicited repetition of vocalizations made by another person (by the same person is called palilalia).
Echolalia
Echolalia is defined as the unsolicited repetition of vocalizations made by another person (by the same person is called _).
palilalia
What type of language in autism is associated with difficulty with word retrieval?
expressive
What type of language in autism is associated with frmulation difficulties
expressive
What pronouns are more difficult for ASD
I and you
What are common treatment approaches moving closer towards?
interactive models, or applied behavioural analysis (ABA)
What is ABA?
applied behavioural analysis
jWhat is the interactive method for ASD treatment?
the Denver model
What treatment approach uses “the hidden curriculum”?
Myles-Smith’s social stories
Who should be driving treatment for ASD?
children, not parents
What types of approaches should be favoured for ASD?
deeper, relationship-based approaches
What can kids centre around for treating ASD?
special interests
What is the GFCF diet for ASD?
gluten-free and casein-free , associated with less digestive issues and cramping
What type of sensory integration therapy helps ASD?
weighted clothing blankets (deal with anxiety)
What kid of neurofeedback therapy can be used for ASD?
EEG therapy
What therapists work well with ASD?
SLPs, OTs, and auditory techs
What treatment removes heavy metals from blood which is potentially dangerous for ASD
chelation
who else is involved in the professional team for ASD? family physician developmental paediatrician ABA therapists SLP audiologist Ot SW T, TA
developmental psychologist
What is nonverbal learning disability NOT associated with?
NOT associated with autism
What is associated with right hemispheric brain dysfunction?
nonverbal learning disability
What is associated with performance IQ being significantly weaker than verbal iq
nonverbal learning disability
What is asociated with difficulty with visual-spatial skills, and reading facial expressions as well as recognizing faces?
nonverbal learning disability
What is associated with personal space challenges and difficulties with socilalization?
nonverbal learning disability
What is associated with attentional/organizational challenges, challenges writing legible, but NOT stereotypies?
nonverbal learning disability
