Lecture 7-10 Flashcards
What is aphasia?
a language disability which occurs some time after an individual has completely developed competent language skills
How does aphasia present itself?
from neurological damage to the language-dominant hemisphere (major hemisphere), usually the left
What includes disturbances of receptive and/or expressive skills, verbally or in written language (and in sign language)
aphasia
What are the three causes of aphasia?
degenerative diseases, TBI (traumatic brain injury(, and
CVAs (cerebrovascular accidents)
What are the two types of ischemic strokes in cerebrovascular accidents/heart attacks?
thrombosis and embolism
What are blood vessel ruptures and blood pools in the cranial cavity referred to as?
hemorrhagic strokes (usually of the middle cerebral artery)
What are dementias such as Alzheimer’s, MIDs, and PIck’s disease examles of?
degenerative diseases
What are MVAs and tumors examples of?
traumatic brain injury
Language disability is often accompanied by other cognitive challenges e.g., judgment issues, more generalized memory difficulties, in
traumatic brain injuries
What is a missing uncontrollable factor for CVAs?
- age (most strokes occur after age 65)
- gender
- ethnic group
- family history
- prior stroke
What is a missing controllable factor for CVAs?
- hypertension
- high cholesterol/heart disease
- diabetes
- smoking
- alcohol use
- oral contraceptives
- lack of exercise
- obesity
What is the missing syndrome for fluent aphasias?
- transcortical sensory aphasia
- conduction aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
What is the missing syndrome for non-fluent aphasias?
- transcortical motor aphasia
- global aphasia
Broca’s aphasia
What is the missing syndrome for anomic aphasia?
- all other syndromes tend to resolve to anomic aphasia
primary feature is dysnomia
Where are non-fluent aphasias associated with?
areas in the frontal cortex, Broca’s area
Where are fluent aphasias associated with?
areas in the posterior cortices, closer to Wernicke’s area
Where is Transcortical Sensory Aphasia affected?
parietal lobe and occipital lobe
Where is Anomic Aphasia impacted?
parietal lobe
Where is Conduction Aphasia immpacted?
temporal lobe
Where is Global Aphasia impacted?
anterior temporal lobe (close to Broca’s area)
Where is Broca’s aphasia impacted?
frontal lobe (Broca’s area)
Where is Transcortical motor aphasia impacted?
frontal lobe
Where is Wernicke’s aphasia impacted?
temporal lobe (posterior portion of left hemisphere)
What is Wernicke’s aphasia associated with?
fluent, meaningless speech and jargon; dysnomia
What is Transcortical sensory aphasia associated with?
fluent, meaningless speech and jargon, pharaphasias, and dysnomia with GOOD repetition
What is conduction aphasia associated with?
fluent, dysnomia, and POOR repetition and reading
Is comprehension good with Wernicke’s aphasia?
no
Is transcortical sensory aphasia associated with good comprehension?
no
Is good comprehension associated with conduction aphasia?
fairly; more able to correct errors than Wernicke’s
What is nonfluent, telegrammatic speech, imp;aired prosody and verbal dyspraxia associated with?
Broca’s aphasia
What is nonfluent, difficulty initiating speech, paraphasias, short utterances, and good repetition associated with?
Transcortical motor aphasia
What is nonfluent, delayed/no speech initation, naming and word finding problems associated with?
global aphasia
Is Broca’s aphasia associated with good comprehension?
yes, fairly
Is transcortical motor aphasia associated with good comprehension?
yes
Is global aphasia associated with good comprehension?
nope
What is the most common feature associated with all kinds of aphasia?
anomia
What is the most pronounced symptom of aphasia?
anomic aphasia
What are isolated lesions in the posterior temporal region of the brain (but also associated with other sites)?
anomic aphasia
Many of the other syndromes evolve through recovery into what?
anomic aphasia
What are the missing common language symptoms in nonfluent aphasias? dysnomia telegrammatic speech difficulty with repetition perseveration dyspraxia dysarthrias
syntactic problems/agrammatism and initiation problems
What are the missing comon language symptoms in fluent aphasias? difficulty with comprehension paraphasia (phonemic or semantic) jargon dysnomia difficulty with repetition perseveration
neologisms
dysarthrias
What is the missing speech production difficulty?
dysarthrias
verbal dyspraxia, and?
stuttering
What are apraxia of speech/verbal dyspraxia and acquired dysarthria associated with?
oral-motor speech disabilities
Impairement in motor programming and planning speech movements such as struggle behaviours and speech sound sequencing challenges are associated with
apraxia of speech/verbal dyspraxia
What is a.k.a apraxia of speech?
verbal dyspraxia
What is the other oral-motor speech disability for apraxia of speech, other than motor and planning issues?
there aren’t…there are little to no feeding difficulties
What oral-motor speech disability is associated with feeding difficulties?
acquired dysarthria
What is disturbed in some form of neurological insult (damage in motor neurons, subcortical regions or into the muscle) e.g., CVA, trauma?
disturbance in neuromuscular control of speech production
What is thought to be caused by lesion in cortical or highest cerebral regions?
verbal dyspraxia/apraxia of speech
What is Broca’s aphasia/primary motor projection fibres associated with?
lesion in cortical or highest cerebral regions, lower third frontal convolution
What may be accompanied by dyspraxia in other parts of the body, such as limb apraxia?
verbal apraxia
What may be the most frustrating of all speech disabiltiies?
verbal dyspraxia, because person knows the errors he or she is making, but can’t seem to help it
What are the primary symptoms of apraxia of speech?
struggle behaviours and sequencing errors
What is more severe of the dyspraxias?
oral dyspraxia - patient cannot produce voluntary movements of the articulators, although they may occur reflexively or when not focusing on producing that motor response
the presense of ___ dyspraxia means ___ dyspraxia will be present
oral
verbal
Patient can produce normal, voluntary movements of the articulators during non-speech tasks e.g., blowing, sticking out tongue, eating drinking in what syndrome?
VERBAL dyspraxia
What is associated with acquired dsysarthrias?
- muscle (flaccid dysarthria)
- extrapyramidal system/basal ganglia (athetosis chorea, dystonia, and tremor)
- cerebellar (ataxic dysarthria)
- lower motor neurone (bulbar palsy)
- upper motor neurone (spastic dysarthria)
Incidence and prevalence difficult to determine, with half of all strokes having ___ ____ ___, of which half have communication challenges
right hemisphere damage
Right hemisphere damage affects:
- attentional skills
- spatial/organinzational skills
- holistic/gestalt undersstanding of verbal/written language
- prosody
- abstract/idiomatic language
What other dementias are there?
- Alzheimer’s
- Parkinson’s
- Huntington’s
- MIDs (Multi-infarct dementias)
- Pick’s Disease
Incidence with dementias increases with what?
age
Dementias often only confirmed diagnosis after what?
autopsy
Additional features of dementias are associated with what?
aphasia
Additional features of dementias like aphasia are associated with:
- judgment problems
- cognitive impairment
- personality changes
- paranoia
What are othehr symptoms of brain damage:
- hemiparesis
- neglect of part of the body
- hemianopsia
- initiation problems
- perseveration
- …?
- attentional difficulties
What are other sypmtoms of brain damage?
- fatigue
- denial
- mobility challenges
- fine motor challenges
- depression
Assessment for brain damage occur :
bedside evaluation
more comprehensive assessment (deferred several days to a week)
swallowing/dysphaga. and?
addressing all communication domains
What are the concerns in assessing for brain damage related to addressing all communication domains?
- auditory/verbal
prosody
nonverbal communication
reading/writing
What are the stages of remediation?
Bedside work
Acute care intervention
Longterm care
Community support
Family involvement in remediation is important why?
communication is at least a two-way process
What else is associated with remediation?
verbal/written/aac
Who wrote Communication and communicagtion disabilities: a clinical introduction?
Plante and Beeson
What did tartter write?
Language processing in atypical populations
What is a good Canadian resource for stroke research?
Heart and Stroke Foundation
What is aphasia not associated with?
speech issues
What is aphasia likely due to?
stroke, concussion, Lou Gehrig’s Parkinson’s
what aphasia is associated with language issues?
neurological damage to the left-side of the brain
What are ischemic strokes associated with?
blockages
what could be a worse stroke of the ischemic?
embolism, since it is a blockage in the main carotid, whereas thrombosis refers to a blockage breaking off and then getting stuck higher up in the artery to the brain
What are hemorrhagic strokes?
blood ruptures
What are CVAs an issue for language loss?
L-CVA left hemispheric stroke, associated with right-side paralysis or weakness
what side is associated with right-side paralysis in a stroke?
the left-side
If language is damaged, then what else is an issue?
symbols, which means that sign language is too
What area does a stroke influence aphasia?
the perisylvian area
what artery ruptures and blood pools in the cranial cavity, causing aphasia?
the middle cerebral artery
what are other drawbacks of hemorrhagic strokes?
blood pools under the skull, causing pressure that needs release, let alone areas lose out on blood exchange
Is cognition always influenced by aphasia?
not always; it depends on the area/s
What are MIDs and why are they influential?
multi-infarct dementia caused by TIAs (transient ischemic attacks), with swelling that may damage the perisylvian area, but is more likely for the patient to have personality and executive functions issues
What are TIAs and why are they influential?
(transient ischemic attacks), with swelling that may damage the perisylvian area, but is more likely for the patient to have personality and executive functions issues
Why is gender not as much of a factor for CVAs now?
more women who are smoking
What about ethnicity is associated with CVAs?
non-Caucasians are less likely to have CVAs
What is hypertension?
high blood pressure
What type of Diabetes is worse for CVAs?
Type II, since it is more associated with with poor lifestyle choices
What area separates the aphasias in the brain?
the Rolandic fissure
What area of the brain is associated with non-fluent aphasia?
anterior of the Rolandic fissure
what area of the brain is associated with fluent aphasia?
posterior of the Rolandic fissure
Aphasia refers to disturbance of the:
a) ability to organize and voluntrily control the mottor commands of speech
b) muscular control of the speech mechanism that impairs speech
c0 ability to understand, retrieve, formulate, and use the poken and written language codes
d) ability to assign significance to spoken sounds and words
c) ability to understand, retrieve, formulate and use the spoken and written language codes
Nonfluent, telegrammatical speech with difficulties formulating grammatical sentences is associated with:
a) receptive aphasia
b) sensory aphasia
c) Wernicke’s aphasia
d) Broca’s aphasia
e) fluent aphasia
d) Broca’s aphasia
others were FLUENT aphasias
Thrombotic storkes are cause by
a) ruptures to blood vessels with bleeding
b) a build-up of plaque that blocks a blood vessels
c) arteriovenous malformations
d) aneurysms
b) a build-up of plaque that blocks a blood vessel
NOT ISCHEMIC STROKE
Symptoms that may co-occur in autism spectrum disabiltiies include:
a) anxiety
b) ADHD or ADD
c) depression
d) sensory difficulties
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
repetitive behaviour communication
The minor hemisphere is superior to the dominant hemisphere in managing a- melodic information b- spatial relationships c- holistic or gestalt inforamtion d - all of the above
d- all of the above
melodic info - music
spatial relationships - space
holistic or gestalt info - idiomatic; the gist of something
Nonfluent, telegrammatical speech with difficulties formulating grammatical sentences is associated with a-receptive aphasia b-sensory aphasia c- wernicke's aphasia d- Broca's aphasia e - fluent aphasia
Broca’s aphasia
Impairment of the ability to select, sequence, and carry out the voluntary movements for speech is called a- anomia b- flaccid dysarthria c- echolalia d- verbal dyspraxia
d - verbal dyspraxia
sequencing speech struggles assoc with dyspraxia
Agrammatism is a condition which is most often associated with a- Broca's aphasia b- conduction aphasia c- Wernicke's aphasia d- all of the above
a- Broca’s aphasia
fluent ones are conduction and Wernicke’s, whereas Broca’s is afluent
Neurological differences which have been implicated in autism spectrum disabilities include
a- excess dopamine
b- early overgrown of neurones followed by abnormally slowed growth
c- atypical associative connections between different areas of the brain
d- cerebellar deficits
e- all of the above
e all of the above
The “hidden curriculum” can be defined as
a- difficulty understanding the perspective of another person
b - a set of social rules which nobody teaches you but if you break them, you are not easily forgiven
c- the underlying meaning of any sentence
d - none of the above
b- a set of social rules which nobody teaches you but if you break them, you are not easily forgiven
The nonfluent aphasias are the result of lesions: a - in the temporal lobe b - in the parietal lobe c - in the occipital lobe d - in the frontal lobe
d - in the frontal lobe (Broca’s)
A problem in recalling names, places, or things is often called a- dyslexia b - dyspraxia c- dysnomia d- dysphasia
c - dysnomia (names)
Conduction aphasia is associated with damage to a- broca's area b- the arcuate fasciculus c- the thalamus d- the cerebellum
b - arcuate fasciculus
Difficulties with initiation of speech is most characteristic of a- Wernicke's aphasia b- conduction aphasia c- transcortical sensory aphasia d- transcortical motor aphasia
d- transcortical motor aphasia
The core characteristics of autism spectrum disabilities according to the DSM-5 are
a difficulties with social interaction
b - difficulties with restricted, repetitive behaviours
c - difficulties with anxiety
d - a and b
e - b and c
d - a and b
autism is associated with difficulties with social interactions, and restricted, repetitive behaviours
Depression associated with aphasia is more prevalent in patients with nonfluent aphasia
a - true
b - false
a - true
Broca’s/depression/frontal lobe/nonfluent aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasic patients have comprehension deficits and fluent output
true
nonverbal learning disability is asociated with an individual’s performance iq being significantly better than the verbal iq
false - it’s the opposite!
nonverbal learning disability is associated with an individual’s verbal iq being significantly better than the performance iq
Hyperlexia is associated with difficuties in comp;rehension of the written word even when the child is very young in acquiring the ability to decode text
true - can’t read, but doesn’t understand
Mindblindness is often seen in autism and is when the individual with asd cannot recognize the thoughts of his own mind and that of others
true
Hemianopsia is when one eye becomes blind
false - one visual field is affected
Individuals with autism frequently have difficulties with nonverbal communication skills such as personal space and eye contact
true
After a stroke, hemiparalysis occurs ont he opposite side of the body to the lesion in the brain
true - hemiparessi is a weakness in the OPPOSITE side
Children with asd always exhibit hyperlexia in their reading development
false - there are always exceptions
Chilldren diagnosed with asd typically exhibit difficulties with turn-taking and social/pragmatics aspects of language development
true
cva stands for cerebrovascular accident
true - a stroke
conduction aphasia is associated with difficultis in repetition of speech
true - can’t do feedback - broca’s and w don’t connect
broca’s aphasia is caused by a lesion in the frontal lobe of the minor hemisphere, specifically the third frontal convolution
false - broca’s is caused by a lesion in the frontal lobe of the MAJOR hemisphere, specifically the third frontal convolution
difficulty in learning pronouns is commonly associated with language difficulties in asd
true, particularly 1st and 2nd (I and you)
Only adults experience strokes
false
Name two professionals who may support clients following a stroke:
slp, physician, ot, pt, sw, c
_ aphasia occurs as a result of large lesions involving both the receptive and expressive language areas (both the motor and sensory cortex)
global aphasia - expressive (motor cortex_ and receptive (sensory)
Sensory differnces in individuals with ASD may include the tactile, _ or _ senses
visual, hearing
Following brain damage, continuing to do a particular behaviour (including verbal behaviour) when it is no longer appropriate is terms _
perseveration
e.g., mr tono - repeating word when trying to speak
When a blood vessel bursts and bleeds into the brain, this is termed a _ kind of stroke
hemorrhagic
Verbal dyspraxia is common in _ aphasia
broca’s - associated with verbal difficulties
Receptive language difficulties common in individuals with asd include attentional challenges, capacity limitations in auditory working memory and _ (just name one other possibility)
difficulties with “theory of mind”/mindblindness
In both motor and sensory transcortical aphasia, the defining symptom is preserved or good ability to _ words, phrases, or sentences
repeat - associated with difficulties with the arcuate fasciculus
A made-up word which bears NO semantic or phonemic relation to the target word and may be observed in fluent aphasias is called a
neologism (more assoc with Wernicke’s aphasia)
Speech production skills in individuals with asd may be normal but if there is an underlying oral-motor problem, it is most likely to be
developmental verbal dyspraxia
What type of language is associated with fluent aphasias?
receptive language
What type of language is associated with non fluent aphasias/
expressive language
What typically is last dealt with when aphasias are mostly resolved?
word retrieval, associated with anomic aphasia
What do most aphasias resolve to
anomic aphasia, with a primary feature as dysnomia
What isn't a fluent aphasia? Wernicke's aphasia transcortical motor aphasia transcortical sensory aphasia conduction aphasia
transcortical motor aphasia
What are the three fluent aphasias?
Wernicke’s, conduct, and transcortical SENSORY aphasia (receptive language)
What are the three non fluent aphasias?
Broca’s, transcortical MOTOR, and Global (expressive language)
What aphasia typically is closes to the Sylvian fissure?
Broca’s aphasia int he frontal lobe
What lobe is Wernicke’s aphasia in?
the temporal lobe
The further away the damage from Broca is, the more likely one is to be
a fluent speaker
The further away the damage from Wernicke’s area is, the greater likeliness for
language comprehension
Conduction aphasia si specific to the area of the
arcuate fasciculus
Transcortical sensory aphasia is found often in the occipital lobe and the
parietal lobe
Transcortical motor aphasia are generally found in the
frontal lobe
Global aphasias are typically found
everywhere, although more associated with nonfluent aphasias for some rason
When aphasia syndromes are considered nonfluent, what does that mean?
the individual may have effective comprehension, but is likely to not have effective speech fluency
When aphasia syndromes are considered fluent, what does that mean
the individual may be able to speak fluently, but likely doesn’t have effective comprehension
What areas are associted with issues with expression?
the frontal lobes
More motor-associated issues associated with fibres and prefrontal cortex in
nonfluent aphasias
Where does dysnomia found?
difficult to determine (anomic aphasia)
What are the types of pharaphasias?
- phonemic - sounds similar to a target word (e.g., church is spoken as g-ur-g)
- semantic - meaning is similar, but no phonemic similarity e.g., saying table but meaning chair
What syndrome is associated with paraphasias?
transcortical SENSORY aphasia
What lesion site is transcortical sensory aphasia associated with?
parieto-occipital region
What type of comprehension is associated with the syndrome, Wernicke’s?
very poor
What type of comprehension is associated with the syndrome, transcortical sensory?
poor
What type of comprehension is associated with the syndrome, conduction?
fair to good; more able to correct errors than Wernicke’s
What syndrome is associated with poor repetition and reading skills?
conduction (arcuate fasciculus)
What areas are associated with neologisms?
Wernicke’s and transcortical sensory aphasias (fluent)
What are defined as new, made up worlds that are less understandable generally, and refer more to the language’s phonology than semantics?
neologisms
e.g.,
What syndrome does this describe?
- very poor comprehension
- high fluency incl. grammatical function words (“where would I be”?)
- neologisms (“twangland”)
Wernicke’s (fluent) aphasia
What syndrome does this describe?
- decent repetition skills
- semantic paraphasia (“pen” is “a lined”; “matches” are “cigarette box”)
- anomic paraphasia (“fork” is “fillt”)
Wernicke’s (fluent) aphasia
What is defined as continuing something even when no longer appropriate, likely due to brain damage?
perseveration
What can one perseverate in?
speech and action
What syndrome does this describe?
- repeating “tono” when speaking
perseveration - Broca’s aphasia (likely)
What syndrome does Mr. Tono likely have?
understanding prosody, intonation, using gestures, counting to 10 when specifically counting fingers?
likely Broca’s
What syndrome is associated with:
- fluency, unless perseverating
jargon emerging similar to phonology
transcortical sensory aphasia (fluent)
What is associated with telegrammatic speech, nonfluency, impaired prosody, and verbal dyspraxia?
some Broca’s aphasia (understanding prosody makes it less extreme)
What is telegrammatic speech associated with?
grammatical function
What is associated with intonation?
transortical motor aphasia
What type of comprehension is associated with Broca’s area?
pretty good
What type of comprehension is associated with transcortical motor aphasia?
pretty good
What is the site of lesion for Broca’s aphasia?
frontal lobe (posterior inferior region of left hemisphere)
What nonfluent aphasia is associated with poor coprehension?
global
What is associated with widespread damage involving all of the perisylvian region?
global aphasia
What is associated with nonfluent, delayed/no speech, naming, and word finding problems?
Global aphasia
What type of syndrome was the patient requiring a communication board?
global aphasic
What is hemianopsia?
not being able to see in the right(or left) visual field of the eye
What syndrome is hemianopsia associated with?
Broca’s aphasia
What syndrome is associated with:
expressive language issues
not fluent; can read, repeat (no sequencing)
hemianopsia
weak right side
dysarthric, likely with feeding problems
doesn’t use grammatical words, only content words
Broca’s aphasia
What is hypernasal speech associated with?
glossopharyngeal nerve damage
What type of speech is the phrase, “He is, mmm, I coffee”?
telegrammatic speech/agrammatism
What syndrome is associated with agrammatism?
Broca’s aphasia
What type of syndrome is associated with:
disruption to expression, none to comprehension; speaking 3 or 4 woords, filler words, and many pauses
Broca’s aphasia
What does the phrase “mother and bai and b-ay and baby” suggest?
dysnomia
What does the phrase “para-pamedics” suggest?
dyspraxia
What is the most common feature associated with aphasias?
anomia/dysnomia
What is dysnomia also referred to as?
anomia
Isolated lesions in the _ _ region of the brain (but also associated with other sites) is associated with
anomia
Many of the other syndromes evolve through recovery into _ aphasia
anomia
What aphasia are patients more likely to have depression, and why?
nonfluent aphasic patients because they are likely aware of their speech errors, but yet are unable to fix them
What else does frontal lobe damage affect?
social, emotional regulation, etc
What syndrome is associated with: automatic words (Mon Tues Wed) and no speech issues (not dysarthria), but not able to find the right words in ordinary speech (not fluent)?
dysnomic/anomic aphasia
What is likely to occur in a patient with Broca’s aphasia after a year?
dysnomic/anomic aphasia
What type of stuttering is resistant to intervention?
neurogenic
What are the type types of oral-motor speech disabilities?
apraxia of speech/verbal dyspraxia
acquried dysathria
What type of oral-motor speech disability is likely to occur in the SLP clinic?
acquired dysarthria
What type of oral-motor speech disabilty is associated with impairment in motor programming and planning speech movements, as well as struggle behaviours and speech sound sequencing challenges?
apraxia of speech/verbal dyspraxia
What type of oral-motor speech disabilty is associated with disturbance in neuromuscular control of speech production acquried in some form of neurological insult/trauma?
acquired dysarthria
What is an example of a neurological insult?
a cerebrovascular accident, that creates damage in motor neurons, and subcortical regions or into the muscle
What may be accompanied by issues in other parts of the body (limbs particularly)?
dyspraxia, predicting limb apraxia
What is apraxia of speech a.k.a.?
verbal dyspraxia
What is thought to be caused by lesion in cortical or highest cerebral regions?
verbal dyspraxia/apraxia of speech
What is found in the lower third frontal convolution/primary motor projection fibres?
Broca’s area
What is likely the most frustrating of all speech disabilities?
verbal dyspraxia/apraxia of speech
What is associated with struggle behaviours, sequencing errors, and NO feeding difficulties?
verbal dyspraxia/apraxia of speech
What is more severe: verbal or oral dyspraxia?
oral - assoc with feeding problems
What is associated with a patient not being able to produce voluntary movements of the articulators, although they may occur reflexively or when not focusing on producing motor response
oral dyspraxia
What is associated with the presence of oral dyspraxia?
verbal dyspraxia
What is associated with verbal dyspraxia? DYSPRAXIA AT ALL
producing normal, voluntary movements of the articulators during NON-spech tasks e.g., eating; NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ORAL
What is associated with acquired dysarthria, according to the site of lesion?
muscle
flaccid dysarthria
What is associated with acquired dysarthria, according to the site of lesion?bulbar palsy
bulbar palsy
What is associated with acquired dysarthria, according to the site of lesion?upper motor neurone
spastic dysarthria
What is associated with acquired dysarthria, according to the site of lesion?extrapyramidal system/basal ganglia
athetosis, chorea, dystonia, tremor, and hyporeflexia
What is associated with acquired dysarthria, according to the site of lesion?cerebellar (intonation, patterning)
ataxic dysarthria
what syndrome is associated with a man with a weakened right-side of body, and struggling oral-motor issues
spastic dysarthria
What is associated with minimal muscle tone in jaw?
flaccid dysarthria
Incidence andprevalence difficult to determine (symptoms may be subtle - half of all strokes occur _, 1/2 of these have communication challenges
right hemisphere damage
What is associated with affecting suprasegmental aspects of language?
right hemisphere damage
What is a.k.a. suprasegmental aspects of language?
gestalt aspects of language
What is a missing suprasegmental aspect of language?
- attentional skills
- prosody
- spatial/organizational
- holistic/gestalt understand of verbal/written language
- music
- abstract/idiomatic language
What is the phrase “busy as a bee” an example of, and what is the likely site of lesion?
idiom, suprasegmental aspect of language, right hemisphere damage
What side is a CVA less likely to occur?
right side
What are MIDs?
multi-infarct dementias causes by multiple cvas
What is a missing type of dementia? Alzheimer's MIDs Pick's Disease Parkinson's
Huntington’s
What types of incidence increase with age?
dementia
What diagnosis often only occurs after autopsy?
dementias
What are additional features of dementia compared to aphasia?
judgment problems
cognitive impairment
paranoia
personality changes
What is neglect of part of the body?
losing awareness of one side of the body
What isi hemiparesis?
weakness on one side of the body (opposite of lesion)
what are initiation problems associated with?
nonfluent aphasias
What is hemiparalysis?
one side of body is immobilized
What area is associated with perseveration?
Wernicke’s
What are fine motor skills damage associated with?
swallowing issues, dysphagia and dyspraxia
What is key to assessing neurogenic difficulties?
monitoring progress
What types of evaluations occur with neurogenic difficulties assessments?
bedside evaluation
comprehensive assessment - deferred to likely a week after incident
assessing swallowing//dysphagia
addressing communication domains
What are the communication domains assessed with neurogenic difficulties?
auditory/verbal
reading/writing
prosody
nonverbal communication
What is associated with dysphagia?
larynx beingn able to move to avoid aspirative pneumonia
What x-ray machine do SLPs use in a gastrics lab?
video fluoroscopy (video fluoroscopic swallowing exam)
What is the advantage of a video fluoroscopic swallow exam?
uses a form of real-time x-ray to evaluate a patient’s ability to swallow safely and effectively
What is known as difficulty swallowing?
dysphagia
What are the stages of remediation?
bedside work
acute car intervention
longterm care
community support
What is associated with longterm care?
aphasia - a chronic condition
Why is family involvement essential for remediation?
communication is a two-way process and using strategies such as forced decisions helps therapeutic approaches
What type of communication is good for remediation?
verbal, written and/or aac (augmentative and alternative communication)
what is aac?
augmentative and alternative communication
What % of pop has fluency disabilities?
less than 1%
About % of children will experience a period of stuttering lasting up to 6 months
5%
_% of children recover from stuttering
75%
More _ than _ (4 to 1 ratio) stutter, where 7 to 1 do in adolescence
more boys than girls
