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psy240 > week 5 > Flashcards

week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

difference between normal mood and mood disorder

A

disorder has greater intensity or longer time

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2
Q

hippocrates humoral theory

A

“exhaltation” aka mania due to too much warmth and dampness. “melancholia” aka depression due to a shit ton of black bile.

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3
Q

blood draining

A

400bc to 17th century

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4
Q

anatomy of melancholy (robert burton)

A

emphasized natural (psychological and social causes) for depression

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5
Q

emil kraepelin

A

manic-depression coined, which influenced dsm criteria

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6
Q

freud’s conflict model

A

depression due to grief related to loss (or imagined loss), and if this cannot be resolved, there will be internalized anger (self criticism), which causes depression. needs not met or way toooo met during oral stage makes one search for love or approval, and when you don’t get it it is percieved as loss

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7
Q

aaron beck’s cognitive theory

A

thoughts, grief and loss contributed. internal anger? not too sure.

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8
Q

aaron beck is the founder

A

of cognitive therapy

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9
Q

MDD or unipolar depression prevalence

A

11.2%, higher in women.

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10
Q

mdd onset age usually

A

midtwenties but could be in children or teens

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11
Q

comorbidity rate of depression with anxiety disorder?

A

50% also have anxiety

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12
Q

relapse of depression?

A

relapse following a first episod is high, with a greater risk every episode

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13
Q

depressive episode length

A

6-9 months

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14
Q

depression big 2 that you need to meet one of

A

depressed most of the time, can be observed by others or reported yourself. diminished interest or pleasure in a shit ton of activities almost every day.

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15
Q

other depression requirements (you need to have 5)

A
  1. significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (5% of body weight in a month)
  2. decrease or increase appetite nearly every day.
  3. insomnia or hypersomnia
  4. psychomotor agitation or retardation
  5. worthlessness or excessive guilt
  6. cant concentraye
  7. thoughts of death
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16
Q

psychomotor agitation

A

cannot sit still, pacing, hand wringing. rubbing or pulling on skin, clothes etc

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17
Q

psychomotor retardation

A

slowed speech, thinking, body movements. increased pauses before answering. decreased in volume inflection, amount, variety of content, or muteness

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18
Q

operationalization of worthlessness/guilt, how many items? what is lower cutoff

A

beck’s depression inventory. 21 items, 17 to 21 points is cutoff (surprisingly low cuz like… it is 0-3)

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19
Q

persistent depressive disorder diagnosis

A

chronic low mood for at least two years, two or more of the following when depressed:
1. poor appetite/overeating
2. insomnia or hypersonmnia
3. low energy or fatigue
4. low self esteem
5. poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
6. feelings of hopelessness

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20
Q

oorigins of persistent depressive

A

chronic MDD and dysthymic disorder from DSM-IV

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21
Q

issues with persistent depressive treatment

A

higher impairment, poor reponse to standard depression treatment.

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22
Q

causes of persistent depressive disorder

A

prominent genetic factors, low social support with dysfunctional personality traits

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23
Q

manic episode criteria a

A

abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood with increased energy or activity, lasting at least one week and present most of the day, nearly every day (any duration if hospitalization needed). may start many projects and these ideas can be in unknown areas and show up at any time, including at night

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24
Q

mania episode criteria b

A

three or more (four if only irritable); increased energy or activity:
1. inflated self esteem or gandiosity (may feel related to famous people, high self worth, power, knowledge, identity)
2. more talking/pressure to keep talking
3. decreased need for sleep (feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)
4. flight of ideas or feeling like thoughts are racing
5. easily distracted
6. more goal directed activated (socially, work, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation
7. excessivement involvement in activities that may be painful (buying sprees, sexual indiscretions)

midfem

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25
talkativeness in mania is characterized by
complaints and anger if irritated, loudness and force more important than content. speech may be irrelevant
26
decreased need for sleep in mania happens when
usually before mania actually sets it
27
distractibility in mania
cannot censor external stimuli and cannot hold rational convo or follow instructions
28
impairment requirements for mani
social or occupational impairment or severe impairment that may need hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others. or psychotic features
29
hypomania
4 days instead of 1 week. doesn't require hospitalization. change in functioning that is unusual when not symptomatic. disturbance in mood and change in functioning is observable. not severe enough to have severe impairment in social or occupational functioning or to need hospitalization. no psychosis
30
bipolar types
bipolar 1 has at least one mania episode and mixed features where both happens is 35% of the time. bipolar II has no mania episode but at least 1 hypomania and one major depressive.
31
bipolar phase times
depression is longer can be 6 months, mania or hypomania is 2 weeks
32
bipolar prevalence respectively for 1 and 2
0.9% and 0.6%
33
bipolar onset age
20
34
underdiagnosis of bipolar in
black and asian people usually due to clinical bias
35
rapid cycling specifier for bipolar
four or more manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episodes in a 12 month period. made worse by antidepressants and need a mood stabilizer. higher impairment and lower response to treatment
36
cyclothymic disorder
chronic but less severe form of bipolar disorder. may develop bipolar 1 or 2 and may not seek treatment. needs history of 2 years of alternating hypomania and depressive symptoms that do not meet full hypomania and depressive symptoms. symptoms need to be present for half that time, cannot go more than 2 months without,
37
rate of cyclothymic
0.4-1%, equal in men and women
38
seasonal depression (SAD) relationship with MDD and bipolar
can occur with both
39
SAD diagosis
recurrent episodes related to seasons, unrelated to melatonin. unemployment cannot be a reason
40
SAD therapy
phototherapy helps with phase delayed circadian rhythms. exposure to morning light of higher intensity helps, unknown why
41
postpartum mood disorder onset
one month predelivery or a few months after
42
postpartum mood disorder rates
14% canadian women can have mood sweings to meet depressive, hypomanic or manic episodes. common for new mothers. 50% of major depressive episodes begin before delivery (peripartum). rarely, psychosis
43
what mood disorders can be experienced postpartum
MDD or bipolar
44
risk factors for postpartum mood disorder
previous depressive episode or traumatic life events, low partner support, women sensitive to hormones. because hormones fluctuate and affect other biological systems (e.g. HPA axis)
45
general etiology of mood disorders
heritability expressed as personality and cognitive traits, vulnerability caused by family history, poor relationships with caregivers and personality patterns. the combination impact perception of stressful events
46
biological factors of mood disorders generally (heritability decimals?)
MDD heritability is .36, bipolar is .75. this means that 36% and 75% of variability is due to genetic factors
47
flaws of biological heritability values
you don't know what caused a disorder for an individual, currently do not know if a specific gene causes it, could be many genes.
48
neurotransmitters for mood disorders
noepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA).
49
depression neurotransmitter
few 5-HT receptors (not LEVEL) in depression. severe depression have low NE, DA neurotransmission partly depends on level of 5-HT. anticipation and extending effort to obtain reward becomes hard (saliency of rewards becomes low), which is related to low DA
50
DA effect
regulation of reward processsing (pleasure) and motor (psychomotor retardation)
51
bipolar neurotransmitter effects
low NE, high activity in DA-receptor rich areas during manic episodes
52
HPA axis
cortisol release. hippocampus negative feedbacks it. chronic stressors means a shit to n of cortisol and negative feedback becomes insensitive (since there are cortisol receptors on the hippocampus). hypersecretion kills brain cells and permanently damages hippocampus.
53
hippocampus size relative to mental health
adults with depression and trauma have a smaller hippocampal volume. child abuse associated with less hippocampal volume for MDD diagnoses people
54
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
higher order thinking, stop rumination and amygdala activation with the anterior cingulate cortex
55
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
reward anticipation, decision making, empathy, emotion, impulse control
56
depression higher cortical activity
less function between amygdala and higher cortical structures. makes it harder to disengage from negative information (rumination) caused by amygdala
57
personality factors of depression
low extraversion, conscientiousness, high neuroticism most prominently
58
bipolar personality factors
high extraversion and openness to experience
59
BIS and BAS
bis regulates avoidance or inhibition (fear of novelty or punishment) and is higher scored for depression patients. bas regulates approach behaviors (impulsivity) and is higher scored for bipolar patients
60
cognitive distortions cause what
negative views of self, world, and future
61
examples of cognitive distortions
all or nothing, overgeneralizations, magnification, catastrophizing, jumping to conclusions
62
beck's cognitive model
diathesis-stress. negative schemas are inactive and activated if matching event. schemas are very rigid.
63
mania cognitive distortions
notice positive stimuli and interpretations
64
life stressors impact on depression vs mania
loss -> depressive. rewards -> mania
65
what are social aspects that helps with resiliency
social support, cultural or reglious affliation, positive personality disposition
66
mdd treatment: psychotherapy
CBT or IPT (interpersonal psychotherapy). IPT focuses on difficulty maintaining attachment, who is a trigger and who is a support, try to deal here and now with current events instead of past ones. CBT focuses on interpretations and thoughts to identify and challenge. therapist helps gain insight and show that thought is transitory
67
medication MDD
many antidepressants, selection by testing it on the biggest lab rat in this fucking universe: you. SSRIs are usually first line treatment due to milder side effects, ease of administration, safety
68
neurostimulation for treatment resistant depression and bipolar
ECT (electroconvulsive) or transcranial magnetic stimuation (TMS; electromagnetic coil to stimulate the brain and questioned clinically due to unknown how). may impair memory. used if no remmission with 2 medications of enough duration or amount
69
bipolar medication
litium, anticonvulsant, and rarely antipsychotic for manic. antidepressant and mood stabilizing med for depression. mood stabilizing taken during mania and lithium possibly during depression as well
70
bipolar therapy
family focused therapy (FFT), interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT; focuses on routine, dealing with stressful events), cognitive therapy (CT) to identify when mania episodes start. this is mostly used for bipolar
71
integrative/complementary treatment
exercise and yoga
72
suicide rates, associated with mental health
depression cause 50% of all suicides, mental healthy disorders are the leading cause. bipolar, alcohol and substance abuse, and schizophrenia are associated with suicide rates.
73
suicide prevention
reducing means, training primary care physicians to recognize, screen, respond.
74
suicide treatement
hospitalization, or outpatient CBT for suicidal thoughts (check in even if unsure).
75
beck's cognitive theory of depression
people who suffer from depression are more likely to appraise situations negatively and thus experience a negative mood (when presented with something not necessarily negative)
76
stress generation hypothesis
individuals experiencing depression tend to get into fights, arguments, interpersonal rejection
77
excessive reassurance seeking
"do you still love me"
78
cbt
be aware of meanings and attributions they make regarding life events. write down thoughts in negative situation, come up with alternate. force them to do fun things lol.
79
mcbt
mindfulness based cognitive therapy: basically what angela was walking me through
80
IPT
assumes interpersonal context, addressing current problems relieves depression. identifies misunderstanding, using communication and problem solving. identify interpersonal issues (personality issues basically) regarding issue if a person has no friends like me (for me its copious amounts of rumination)
81
family focused therapy
education about disorder, education of effect of disorder on patient's functioning. communication and training of family members
82
interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
ipsrt; disruption in daily routine and conflict in social interactions increase the rate of bipolar episodes. regulate routines to cope better with stressful events.
83
cognitive therapy (CT)
similar to cbt except tailored for bipolar. regularize sleep and daily routine, identify onset of mania, importance of meditation compliance.

psy240 (7 decks)

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