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week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

anxiety

A

an affective state where a person worries about a negative thing in the future. a cognitive response to threat

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2
Q

fear

A

primitive emotion; occurs in response to a real or percieved threat (danger) happening here and now. may have panic or terror. elicits fight or flight response

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3
Q

panic

A

false alarm, a behavioral and physiological reaction in the absense of a concrete, identifiable threat

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4
Q

worry

A

chronic state of psychological distress

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5
Q

neurosis

A

not psychotic but had emotional issues; how anxiety, dissociative and somatoform disorders were classified until 1980. implied something wrong with the central nervous system

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6
Q

freud about anxiety

A

differentiating between objective fears and neurotic anxiety. neurotic anxiety signals to the ego and says that there is some drive that wants to be brought into consciousness. neurotic anxiety is due to not repressing painful memory

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7
Q

modern views on anxiety

A

behavioral, cognitive-behavioral and biological factors

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8
Q

biological factors of anxiety (concordance/heritability?)

A

heritability ranges from 30-50%, moderate concordance. nonspecific inheritance; certain dispositions are at higher risk, not directly passed down (e.g. high neuroticism and behavioral inhibition)

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9
Q

behavioral inhibition

A

respond with higher arousal to stimuli

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10
Q

neuroanatomy of anxiety

A

neural fear circuit involving more subcortical parts (less cortex activity); thus you cannnot think about problems while in fear. higher cortical areas extinguish fear. benzodiazapines increase GABA, noepinephrine and serotonin increase can hep anxiety

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11
Q

exercise on gaba

A

increases gaba

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12
Q

associative behavioral theory of anxiety cons

A

cannot explain development of all phobias (does not need classical conditioning). can be vicarious learning (watching others), modelling, or information transmission (don’t do this). or it could be biological preparedness

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13
Q

behavioral theory of anxiety

A

anxiety and fear acquired through a learning two factor theory, saying the fears are acquired through classical conditioning, maintained through negative reinforcement (operant conditioning).

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14
Q

cognitive theory of anxiety (who is it by?)

A

by aaron beck. emotions are influenced by the way people appraise the future, themselves, the world. negative schemas affect interpretation in times of stress, beliefs of helplessness and vulnerability are caused by automatic thoughts and people look for info to confirm this. info processing biases confirm beliefs.

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15
Q

interpersonal theory of anxiety

A

parents exercise excessive control, fostering beliefs of helplessness, failing to promote self efficacy and independent. insecure attachment (anxious-ambivalent) from not meeting child’s needs can also cause anxiety. children fear what parents shield them from, no way of having coping mechanisms

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16
Q

panic attack symptoms (physiological)

A

intense fear. palpitations, pounding heart, accelerated heart rate. sweating, trembling or shaking, shortness of breath or smoothering. feelings of choking. chest pain or discomfort, nausea or abnormal distress. feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed or faint. chills or heat sensations. tingling sensations or numbness.

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17
Q

how many symptoms do you need for a panic attack

A

4 from 13.

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18
Q

psychological symptoms of panic attacks

A

derealization or depersonalization. fear of nosing control/going crazy. fear of dying.

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19
Q

panic disorder rates

A

1.5%

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20
Q

panic disorder diagnosis

A

recrrent and unexpected panic attacks. with repeated concerns about the consequences or meaning of the attack or significant change in behavior to prevent panic attacks

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21
Q

panic disorder predisposition and comorbidity

A

women are more likely. comorbid with depression, agoraphobia and substance abuse.

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22
Q

agoraphobia diagnosis

A

active, persistent avoidance of situations (only go outside with people or with significant distress). person is concerned they will not be able to escape or get help in the event of a panic attack, or concerned they will experience incapacitating or embarassing symptoms.

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23
Q

panic disorder and agoraphobia interaction

A

separate diagnoses but can be comorbid or exist on their own

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24
Q

cognitive perspective of panic disorder

A

a trigger or stimulus makes one percieve a threat which causes apprehension and then body sensations which increases anxiety sensitivity (physical and cognitive). a catastrophic interpretation can then occur from anxiety or body sensations. this interpretation affects panic self efficacy. both panic self efficacy, catastrophic misinterpretation, and anxiety sensitivity contribute to percieved threat.

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25
alarm theory
panic attacks can be activated by emotional cues that create false alarms and uses classical conditioning to trigger panic attacks in neutral situations. small changes in the body are used as signals.
26
panic self-efficacy and how therapy solves this
percieved ability to cope with panic attacks; therapy aims to catch automatic thoughts about not coping.
27
panic disorder assessment methods
interview, behavioral assessment (behavioral avoidance, symptom induction; how much expected anxiety, how much actual anxiety in the situation. get them to get panic attack symptoms to induce feelings of a panic attack. get them to hyperventilate and shake head. in order to know physical sensations are not harmful)
28
difference between panic disorder and anxiety disorder
panic disorder is when there is an uncued or unexpected panic attack (e.g. cannot escape plane) and anxiety is when you worry the plane will crash (i.e. response to specific situation)
29
specific phobia diagnosis.
marked and persistent fear and avoidance of specific object or situation. not fear, whicch is adaptive. this is excessive and disproportionate, must interfere with person's life.
30
rates of specific phobia
12%, more common in women
31
subtypes of specific phobia
animal, natural environmental, blood-injection-injury, situational, other
32
cause of phobias (two theories)
associative model, nonassociative model
33
associative model pros and cons
states that phobias are classically conditioned with associative learning. the con is that it does not make sens regarding the equipotentiality premise (i am more likely to gain a phobia of my mother compared to the boiled one)
34
nonassociative model pros and cons
states biological predisposition for certain phobias (does not happen for everyone). failure to habituate (diminishing of response after repeated exposure) and genetic vulnerability means specific phobias. limitations include not all fears involving major threats, thus biological predisposition may not be helpful
35
disgust sensitivity
people with a phobia are more likely to be disgusted by similar stimuli
36
social anxiety disorder rates
3%
37
social anxiety diagnosis, time frame
intensely afraid of social or performance situations, worrying of showing signs of anxiety or worry that one behaves in a socially inept manner. 6 months or longer. fear is out of proportion to actual threat.
38
children social anxiety diagnosis
need to be anxious around other children
39
comorbidity of social anxiety
depression and substance abuse (often after social anxiety)
40
etiology of social anxiety (genetic aspects, brain parts influenced, temperament)
40% genetic, disorder itself not inherited. behavioral inhibition, brain structures in fear recognition and conditioning (e.g. amygdala). stress (HPA axis), monitoring of negative effect (prefrontal and orbifrontal cortex)
41
social anxiety effect on neurotransmitters
dysregulation of serotonin, noepinephroine, other neurotransmission systems during stress responses
42
(social) environmental etiology of social anxiety
helicopter, snow cloud parents, being victimized (causing HPA axis disregulation). intrusive and overprotective parents
43
cognitive etiology of social anxiety
not disclosing information about yourself; interacting in a nonauthentic way. self-focused attention (self critical nature similar to depression; thus less energy spent on social norms). public self-consciousness (highly aware of the self as an object). not being able to relate to others which creates a loop
44
generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis
chronic, excessive, and uncontrollable worry and anxiety, regardless of stress levels. 3 out of 6: restlessness, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances. one only needed for children. red sim
45
risk factors of GAD
cognitive avoidance theory: worrying is verbal and thus has less imagery, reducing physiological symptoms of anxiety, contrast avoidance theory: worry helps prepare you for a negative thought, and also to avoid future threat. intolerance of uncertainty: discomfort with ambiguity and uncertainty.
46
OCD obsessions
thoughts, images, urges that are persistent, unwanted and distressing. often images. happen together 96-99% of the time with compulsions
47
compulsions
repetitive behaviors such as checking or mental acts like counting that a person performs to reduce anxiety or distress
48
neutralization
behavioral or mental acts (can be cognitive) people use when there is an intrusion, to undo feared situations.
49
rate of OCD
1%
50
common obsessions related to
uncertainty, sexuality, violence, contamination, often come with embarassment
51
obsession requirement
time consuming (more than 1 hour a day), or significant clinical distress or impairment in social, occupational, other areas of functioning. compulsions have little to do with obsession sometimes
52
obsession guilt
intrusive thought without associated emotion causes guilt
53
OCD thought action fusion
moral: thinking is just as bad as doing it. likelihood: thinking about a situation will increase the likelihood of something happening. a form of inflate responsibility
54
neurobiological model for OCD etiology
basal ganglia in charge of motor is more active than the frontal cortex which causes compulsions and obsessions. SSRIs help generally.
55
cognitive behavioral model for OCD etiology
obsessions caused my person's misinterpretation of own thoughts. catastrophic misinterpretation of thoughts. cannot control intrusive thoughts with thought supression. rebound effect (supressing or avoiding thoughts makes thoughts increase in frequency). rewarding consequences to maintain compulsion (doing compulsion helps reduce stress)
56
OCD checking
not related to poor memory, rather related to low memory confidence. repeated checking lowers memory confidence and makes doubts worse, which means more checking.
57
ptsd a requirements
exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence in one or more: 1. directly witnessing traumatic event 2. witnessing in person an event that happened to others 3. learning the traumatic event happened to a close family member or friend. death must be violent or accidental 4. experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of traumatic events (like if you repeatedly went to seegore.com or some shit idk i've never gone there ever :/ also i didnt get ptsd so yeah) does not apply if it is electronic exposure unless it is work related
58
ptsd criteria b
one or more of the intrusion symptoms: 1. recurrent, involuntary, intrusive distressing memories of traumatic event 2. recurrent distressing dreams 3. dissociation (e.g. flashbacks). worst case is loss of awareness completely. 4. intense or prolonged psychological distress when presented with cues about traumatic event 5. physiological reactions to cues of the event
59
children ptsd criterion b
repetitive play of traumatic events, frightening dreams without context
60
ptsd criterion c
avoidance of stimuli related to the traumatic event, after the event occured: 1. avoidance or trying to avoid memories, thoughts and feelings related 2. avoidance or trying to avoid external reminders relatedp
61
ptsd criterion d
negative cognition and mood related, beginning or worsening after: 1. cannot remember important part of event 2. exaggerated and persistent beliefs or expectations of oneself 3. persistent, distorted cognition about cause or consequences of traumatic event, leading to blame towards self and others 4. negative persistent emotional state 6. feelings of detachment or estrangement from others 7. inability to feel positive emotions
62
ptsd criterion e
changes in arousal and reactivity related to the events, beginning or worsening after the traumatic even: 1. irritable behavior and angry outbursts (little provocation) 2. reckless/self destructive behavior 3. hypervigilance 4. exaggerated startle response 5. concentration problems 6. sleep disturbance
63
required length of disturbance for ptsd
more than one month
64
distrubance effects requirement for ptsd
clinical distress or social/occupational/other important area functioning impairment. disturbance not attributable to substance abuse
65
pre-event risk factors for ptsd
low socioeconomic status, lower education, low tested intelligence, previous psychopathology, childhood history of abuse
66
post event risk factors for ptsd
severity of triggering event, lack of social support, presence of stressful experiences after event, interpersonal traumas (physical traumas and abuse is worse than natural disasters)
67
brain volume and ptsd relationship (which part?)
hippocampus, unknown if it is post or pre effect
68
ptsd relationship on hormone?
cortisol increase
69
cogntive theories and therapy regarding ptsd
store memories in a nonvertbal sensory based way, therapy aims to make it into a normal verbal form. perceptions of traumatic event matters; overestimation of stress likelihood, underestimation of how well it is handled
70
men or women more likely to have ptsd
women
71
rate of trauma and ptsd respectively?
85%, 6%
72
rate of resolution for ptsd usually
3 months
73
ptsd treatments
benzodiazepines are for short term and infrequent treatment due to drowsiness, addiction risk, and cognitive effects. antidepressants more common. CBT and exposure based behavioral interventions are more common
74
exposure based behavioral interventions
in vivo exposure for specific phobias (face directly in person; this is a common practice right now), systematic desensitization, exposure and response prevention for OCD)
75
emdr
eye movement desensitization and repreocessing, not APA recommended but PTSD symptoms have been reduced in some studies. eye movement necessary unknown
76
if someone has a family member with anxiety, what is their chance of having anxiety compared to someone without such a family history
4-6 times higher
77
insular cortex
somatic manifestations of anxiety
78
anxiety neural pathway
thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, brainstem, spinal cord
79
higher cortical areas in anxiety
extinguishing fears; learning fears no longer need to be feared
80
what is mowrer's theory bad at
explaining that classical conditioning does not have to be present for a phobia to form (vicarious reinforcement)
81
beck's cognitive model for anxiety
people are afraid because of their biased perceptions of the world, the future, and themselves. individuals often have helpless and vulnerable core beliefs, and process information in a way that confirms such.
82
challenging parenting behavior and the effects on anxiety
encourage children to take risks and go outside of comfort zone. increases self efficacy and lowers anxiety
83
if a person has a biological tendency to be nervous, can they still have a nonspecific psychological tendency to have low self esteem (barlow)?
yes, these two dimensions operate separately
84
how fast does a panic attack ramp up
within minutes (source: you during physio and stats exams lmfao)
85
behavioral avoidance test (BAT)
get patient to enter situations they would normally avoid then rate anticipatory anxiety and actual anxiety.
86
psychophysiological assessment
heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response monitoring
87
anxiety sensitivity
somatic symptoms related to anxiety has negative consequences that will extend beyond the anxiety episode itself.
88
evolution theory on why we are genetically predisposed to fear certain things
if you learn to fear through conditioning you might already be dead lol
89
are socially anxious people aware of the irrationality of their fears
yes, but the awareness is dampened by the physiological arousal
90
how many socially anxious people have comorbid conditions
the majority, 63%
91
social anxiety is not only an anxiety disorder it is also a _ disorder
interpersonal
92
interoceptive exposure
exposure to internal cues
93
OCD ritual prevention
stop short term relief of stress in trade of long term stress
94
subtle avoidance
distracting yourself when in exposure therapy. i.e. me pretending i have cosplay makeup on if you force me to go to class without my mask
95
ERP (exposure and ritual prevention)
form of CBT where individuals confront anxiety provoking stimuli or situations while preventing themselves from engaging in avoidance or compulsive behaviors

psy240 (7 decks)

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