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week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does psychological perspectives determine

A

research, diagnostic decisions, treatments

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2
Q

how many perspectives do scientists focus on

A

1-2

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3
Q

general aims of theories of psychopathology

A

explain etiology, identify factors that maintain psychopathology, predict course of disorder, design effective treatments

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4
Q

example of the causes not aligning with factors that maintain, predict the course, or help treat psychopathology

A

mom says imma kms causing depression but that depression (minimal) is reinforced by uoft

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5
Q

etiologies of psychological disorders

A

childhood trauma and experiences, maladaptive behavior (learn and unlearn), maladaptive thoughts, atypical brain functioning or anatomy, lost purpose

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6
Q

superego

A

internalized ideas, saying you should follow moral principles of society. to follow id but not offend the ego. preconscious (i.e. can be yoinked into consciousness)

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7
Q

id

A

unconscious psychic energy present at birth. follows the instant gratification pleasure principle. biological drives like sexual and trauma related urges.

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8
Q

ego

A

appears in the first year of life to tell the id stfu. reality principle (what desire is practicle or possible).

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9
Q

psychoanalysis does what

A

uncovers superego or id

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10
Q

oral stage of development

A

birth to one year. if needs are not met, then person will be talkative, greedy, and like smoking and drinking

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11
Q

anal stage of development

A

cleanliness or recklessness in adults if needs not met (1-3 yr)

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12
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 yr. egoism/low self esteem. promiscuity/being a bitch to women if needs not met. genital differences noticed.

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13
Q

latent stage

A

6- puberty

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14
Q

genital stage

A

puberty to death

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15
Q

defense mechanisms are used by which structure of personality

A

the ego, subconsciously

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16
Q

what does a weaker ego mean for defense mechanisms

A

more psychic power is used up which prompts the use

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17
Q

projection

A

attributing stuff you don’t like to others

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18
Q

intellectualization

A

thinking to avoid feeling

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19
Q

pleasure principle

A

people want easy emotional and physical pleasure

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20
Q

ego accomodates…

A

id and superego’s conflict

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21
Q

defense mechanisms are a distorted version of…

A

the id’s desires. id attempts to break through these defense mechanisms.

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22
Q

how to deal with nonresolution of psychosexual stages according to psychodynamics

A

interpretation and associated insight

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23
Q

limits of psychodynamic

A

central claims are hard to test empirically, biased population and reliance on case studies (freud sampled his own patients). biased views implying superiority of men

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24
Q

contributions of psychdynamic perspective

A

focuses on earily relationship with parents and caregivers due to the attachment theory, discusses unconscious thoughts and motives relating to implicit prejudice and bias, discusses sexuality. developed first talk therapy

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25
behavioral theories are in response to
freud. says unconscious is bullshit
26
behaviorism emphasizes
new behaviors are acquired through a gradual and continuous process of learning. people play a passive role, directed by events in the environment
27
behaviorists (people)
skinner, watson, pavlov
28
little albert
11 month old. associated sound and white rat, causing fear of the rat
29
mowrer two factor theory (not the extremely slay two factor theory of emotion your beloved cutie patootie pookie)
classical conditioning establishes aversive response to a previously neutral stimulus, and then the stimulus is avoided to prevent feeling afraid, thus blocking extinction. basically: classical conditioning creates fear (having a panic attack after going to hmb tutorial) with a unconditioned stimuli (hmb tutorial). if i avoid tutorials, this will negatively reinforce (operant) avoidance. i will not go to tutorials for a long time and thus extinction cannot occur.
30
how does extinction occur
conditioned stimulus without unconditioned causes extinction
31
classical conditioning causes phobias and anxieties. treatment?
systematic desensitization
32
operant conditioning and child aggression in relation to parental attention: how to fix this
social isolation (time out) as positive punishment if aggression is to get parental attention
33
aaron beck and albert ellis' theory of changing maladaptive thinking
the way you view the world is maintained by consequences. thoughts create feelings, feelings create behavior, behavior reinforces thoughts. (gpa is fucked makes me sad, feelings of sadness make me not study, not studying reinforces my thought that my gpa is fucked)
34
rational-emotive behavior therapy (ellis)
don't say absolutionist statements, reframe without should or must because they leave no room for failures
35
beck's cognitive theory and therapy's 3 main levels
dysfunctional schemas, information processing biases, automatic thoughts
36
dysfunctional schemas
representations about ourselves and the world which affect our views of the future. broad statements taken as truth. poor self schemas are developed in childhood and later triggered.
37
informational processing biases
how you pay attention to, interpret or recall information. confirm world schemas (because the way think will influence what we think). poor self image in childhood causes info process bias
38
automatic thoughts
we are aware of these and are either depressive or anxious
39
third wave approaches to CBT
mindfullness and acceptance. be aware of ones thoughts and feelings. pay attention and attach to certain things. examine the role of attention in distress (but attention can worsen maladaptive thoughts). dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is one approach
40
humanistic psychologists
abraham maslow and carl rogers
41
maslow
hierarchy of needs, if fulfilled, we can actualize the person's potential. pathology comes from being unable to get the self esteem needed to achieve self actualization. one may feel unworthy of self due to being unsatisfied, causing pathology
42
carl rogers
person centered. negative experiences distort one's view of self. not trusting self makes you unsure of what happens. being present in the relationship with the client and using an empathetic approach
43
humanistic theory overarching ideas
developing a sense of self (values are from experiences)
44
existential theorists
rollo may, viktor frankl, irvin yalom
45
existential theories
angst is caused by not taking responsibility for actions, and can occur when confronting death and finding meaning in life. it is anxiety and distress. emphasizes developing meaning and accepting responsibility for your actions. essentially, to find meaning in life
46
sociocultural influences of psychopathology
stigma (can be internalized), social support (loneliness fucks shit up), gender sex, sexual orientation, race poverty, ability, etc. poor research representation
47
biological models of psychopathology
adoption studies, twin studies, neurotransmitter
48
neurotransmitter disturbances causing psychopathology (how)
neurotransmitter is over or under produced in the synapse. too many or too few receptors on the dendrites, excess or deficit in amount of transmitter deactivating substance in the synapse. reuptake process may be too rapid or too slow.
49
biological model of peripheral nervous systems
sympathetic strength and duration is related to a person's likelihood to develop psychopathology. atypical response can be due to genetics or early experiences. involved in fear and anxiety reactions
50
endocrine system (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)
feedback loops activated in response to stressors. system of communication along hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal cortex. releases cortisol. HPA axis is related to anxiety disorder
51
diathesis-stress perspective
mental disorders are a combination of predisposition and experience of stress. vulnerable individuals with negative experiences will have negative outcomes
52
biopsychosocial model
environmental events, person's response, and biological aspects all influence psychopathology
53
p and statistical significance
p < 0.05
54
pretest and posttest
pretest tells us if there is an observed difference between experimental conditions at posttest that is not due to existing group differences
55
double blind issue with psychotherapy
easy to know who is recieving what in psychotherapy
56
flaws of quasi-experimental methods
cause-effect inferences, difficult to match participants on all factors (except the factor of interest)
57
correlation coefficient of interest
r >.30
58
epidemilogical research
study of incidence and prevalence of disorders in a population
59
incidence
number of new cases of a disorder in a particular population over a time period
60
prevalence
frequency (total cases)
61
challenges of epidemiological research
did you leave any people out? generalizable?
62
assessment, definition and what is a good one
scores from various tools from history of individual, referral, behavioral observations. good assessment measures the right thing accurately. should include social biological and psychological factors
63
challenges of assessment
need to compare with others, clients suck at reporting internal state
64
reliability
test-retest reliability, internal consistency
65
test-retest reliability
degree to which the test of a stable trait/characteristic has the same results when taken again and again. e.g. my mbti has high test retest reliability
66
alternate form reliability
method where two versions of the same test are correlated in terms of score to prevent participants from practicing and getting better
67
internal consistency
split half reliability, coefficient alpha
68
split half reliability
compares responses on odd numbers to responses on even numbers
69
coefficient alpha
calculated by averaging intercorrelations of all items within a test
70
internal consistency
degree of reliability within a test
71
validity
face validity, content validity, criterion validity, construct validity
72
face validity
items on a test resemble characteristics of concept being measured
73
content validity
test's items reflect ALL BEHAVIORS believed to be related to the overall construct
74
criterion validity
correlation between a measure and a criterion (some qualities are easier to recognize than to define completely)
75
construct validity
validity of test within specific theoretical framework
76
medical conditions that could cause psychopathology
anxiety and depression could be due to thyroid dysfunction, estrogen dominance, or auto-immune disorder
77
techniques used to examine structure or function of brain
brain imaging: EEG, CAT (2D), MRI (3D), PET (noninvasive without ray using radioisotopes)
78
neuropsychological testing examples
bender gestalt visual motor test and halstead reitan
79
pros and cons of neuropsychological testing
less expensive, but many domains, and thus take forever
80
bender visual motor gestal ttest
screens for neuropsychological impairment, task is to copy images from a card then from memory, certain of errors indicate certain neurological problems
81
clinical interviews, types and pros and cons
unstructured (more rapport), semi structured (more leeway), structured (questions selected ahead of time, more reliable)
82
SCID-5
structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders; semistructured decision tree for diagnoses
83
assessment of intelligence scales
wechsler scales (WAIS-IV, WISC-V)
84
projective tests
rorschach inkblot and thematic apperception. psychoanalysis with ambiguous stimuli
85
standardized tests
MMPI-3 (minnesota multiphasic personality inventory), MCMI-IV (millon clinical multiaxial inventory), personality assessment inventory (PAI)
86
flaws with projective tests
generally unreliable, people give socially desirable answers, bad scoring, even if rules are established
87
MMPI-3
multiple aspects of personality with 335 true false questions. profile of personality characteristics compared to psychiatric and non-psychiatric groups, with validity scales to detect carelessness, defensiveness, etc
88
MCMI-IV
make diagnostic judgments about personality disorders and other clinical syndromes. 195 self reported true false, 25 clinical scales, 15 personality, 10 clinical syndrome, 5 validity scales
89
PAI
4-point likert scale, 11 clinical, 4 validity, 5 treatment-consideration, 2 interpersonal. assess symptoms mild to severe
90
behavioral assessment
observational technique, rating scales to assess varios behaviors aross time. can directly observe in artifical setting or ask friend of the person. difficult and time consuming, people change behavior when observed
91
cognitive-behavioral assessments
questionaires assessing your thoughts, self monitoring to note down behaviors in real time with smartphone apps (can write antecedants, consequences, automatic thoughts)

psy240 (7 decks)

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