Week 5

Question 1

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What is the main finding of the meta-analysis on racial disparity in schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 1

Black individuals are 2.4 times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than White individuals.

Question 2

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What was the purpose of the meta-analysis conducted in the study?

Answer 2

To quantify racial diagnostic disparities in schizophrenia and examine whether structured diagnostic assessments reduce these disparities.

Question 3

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What was the overall odds ratio (OR) found for Black individuals being diagnosed with schizophrenia compared to White individuals?

Answer 3

OR = 2.42, indicating that Black individuals are significantly more likely to be diagnosed.

Question 4

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

Did structured diagnostic assessments significantly reduce racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 4

No, while structured assessments showed slightly lower disparities (OR = 1.77), the difference was not statistically significant.

Question 5

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What are some proposed explanations for racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 5

Clinician bias, social disadvantages, differences in symptom presentation, and historical shifts in diagnostic criteria.

Question 6

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

How might clinician bias contribute to racial diagnostic disparities?

Answer 6

Clinicians may apply different symptom criteria or cultural assumptions when diagnosing Black versus White patients.

Question 7

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What role do social factors play in the racial disparity of schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 7

Social factors such as discrimination, poverty, and limited access to healthcare may increase psychological distress and diagnosis rates.

Question 8

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

How does the percentage of White patients in a study affect racial diagnostic disparities?

Answer 8

Studies with higher proportions of White patients tended to report greater disparities in schizophrenia diagnoses.

Question 9

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

Did the study find evidence of publication bias in research on racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 9

No, statistical tests suggested minimal evidence of publication bias.

Question 10

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What geographic and study-setting factors were associated with racial diagnostic disparities?

Answer 10

Higher disparities were found in the Midwest and Southeast, as well as in hospital settings compared to community clinics.

Question 11

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What hypothesis about structured diagnostic methods was tested in the study?

Answer 11

The hypothesis that structured-instrument assessments would reduce racial diagnostic disparities.

Question 12

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What was the main conclusion regarding structured diagnostic assessments?

Answer 12

They do not fully mitigate racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis.

Question 13

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What historical factor has been suggested as a cause of racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 13

Changes in schizophrenia diagnostic criteria in the 1960s that pathologized certain behaviors common in Black communities.

Question 14

Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?

What recommendations does the study make for future research?

Answer 14

Investigate clinician bias, cultural influences, social factors, and ethnicity-blinded diagnostic procedures.

Question 15

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

How did American racial history alter the meaning of mental illness and mental health?

Answer 15

Emerging scientific understandings of schizophrenia became enmeshed with historical currents that marked particular bodies and psyches as crazy in particular ways, changing the associations Americans made about schizophrenia and ultimately altering the meaning of both mental illness and mental health.

Question 16

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

Why is early intervention important for youth at risk for psychosis?

Answer 16

Early intervention can improve outcomes in psychotic disorders and reduce the negative psychosocial outcomes associated with attenuated symptoms, even for individuals who never transition to a full-threshold psychotic disorder.

Question 17

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

What major issue has been overlooked in research on psychosis prevention?

Answer 17

Most research has focused on individuals from majority racial/ethnic groups, with little attention given to how racism and sociocultural context impact early identification and treatment for racial/ethnic minorities.

Question 18

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

What are psychosis-risk symptoms, and how are they identified?

Answer 18

Psychosis-risk symptoms are subclinical levels of psychosis, such as attenuated hallucinations or delusions, and are identified using standardized self-report and semi-structured interview tools.

Question 19

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

What are the five major aims of the Grand Challenge for preventing serious mental illness?

Answer 19

1) Develop brief non-stigmatizing screening tools, 2) Test novel treatment approaches, 3) Evaluate the benefits of early intervention, 4) Create regional centers of excellence for prevention, and 5) Educate social work students on early detection and intervention.

Question 20

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

What are the three innovative strategies proposed for psychosis prevention?

Answer 20

1) A focused prevention approach between general mental health interventions and targeted psychosis prevention
2) Psychosocial treatment as a primary intervention
3) Community agencies as early detection points.

Question 21

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

What are some validated tools used for screening psychosis-risk symptoms?

Answer 21

The PRIME Screen, the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B), and semi-structured interviews like the Structured Interview for Psychosis Risk Syndromes (SIPS) and the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS).

Question 22

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

What challenge remains in screening for psychosis risk?

Answer 22

Internalized stigma among youth at risk for psychosis can affect the accuracy of self-reports and interview-based assessments, leading to potential misdiagnosis or reluctance to seek help.

Question 23

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

How effective are prevention intervention services for youth at risk for psychosis?

Answer 23

Studies show that prevention interventions, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and family psychoeducation, can reduce symptoms and improve functioning, though no single intervention has been shown to be superior.

Question 24

Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis

What role do regional centers of excellence play in psychosis prevention?

Answer 24

They provide outreach, assessment, and intervention services for youth at risk, supported by state and federal funding initiatives.

Question 25

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** How has structural racism affected the diagnosis and treatment of Black individuals with schizophrenia?

Answer 25

Black individuals have historically been over-diagnosed with schizophrenia due to racial biases, leading to misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, and worse mental health outcomes.

Question 26

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** What was Drapetomania, and how does it relate to structural racism in mental health?

Answer 26

Drapetomania was a fabricated disorder used to pathologize enslaved Africans who tried to escape, illustrating how racism has historically shaped mental health diagnoses.

Question 27

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** How were Black individuals disproportionately affected in psychiatric institutions?

Answer 27

Black patients in segregated asylums faced poor nutrition, medical neglect, labor exploitation, and sexual violence.

Question 28

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** How did schizophrenia become racialized in the 1960s and 1970s?

Answer 28

The diagnosis was systematically applied to Black individuals, especially civil rights activists, to delegitimize their voices and movements.

Question 29

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** What disparities exist in access to and quality of mental health care for racial/ethnic minorities?

Answer 29

Black individuals experience higher rates of involuntary hospitalizations, lower rates of effective treatment, and are less likely to receive evidence-based care.

Question 30

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** How do racial biases affect psychosis risk assessments?

Answer 30

Standardized self-report and clinical assessments may over-pathologize racial/ethnic minority youth due to cultural misunderstandings or contextual factors like racial trauma.

Question 31

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** What are some limitations of self-report measures like the PRIME Screen for minority populations?

Answer 31

Some items may misinterpret cultural beliefs (e.g., spirituality or superstition) as psychosis-risk symptoms, leading to false positives in minority youth.

Question 32

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** Why might racial/ethnic minority youth experience more psychosis-like symptoms?

Answer 32

Chronic stress from discrimination, exposure to violence, and systemic inequalities can contribute to experiences that resemble psychosis-risk symptoms.

Question 33

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** What are two culturally adapted interventions for schizophrenia?

Answer 33

Culturally Informed Treatment for Schizophrenia (CIT-S) and Culturally-adapted Family Intervention (CaFI), which incorporate cultural beliefs, spirituality, and collectivist family values.

Question 34

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** How can social workers reduce racial bias in psychosis risk assessment?

Answer 34

By integrating cultural competence training, validating screening tools across racial groups, and contextualizing symptoms within environmental stressors like racism.

Question 35

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** What recommendations are made for improving psychosis prevention for racial/ethnic minorities?

Answer 35

1) Educate social workers about historical racism 2) Develop racially unbiased assessment tools 3) Incorporate culturally responsive explanatory models of psychosis.

Question 36

**Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis** What strategies can social workers use to support minority youth at risk for psychosis?

Answer 36

Engage families in culturally responsive interventions, connect clients with advocacy groups, and ensure interventions address both mental health and social inequalities.

Question 37

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did early studies, such as those reviewed by Freeman (1994), find about schizophrenia rates in inner-city areas?

Answer 37

Early studies found that schizophrenia rates were increased in inner-city areas in Western societies.

Question 38

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What was the key finding of Faris and Dunham (1939) regarding schizophrenia in Chicago?

Answer 38

They found that first admission rates for schizophrenia were higher in inner-city areas, especially in disorganized neighborhoods, compared to more cohesive working-class and ethnic minority areas.

Question 39

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What hypothesis suggests that individuals with schizophrenia tend to move into urban areas?

Answer 39

The **social drift hypothesis** suggests that people with schizophrenia or incipient schizophrenia tend to move into more urbanized and deprived areas.

Question 40

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What alternative explanation to the “social drift” theory was largely dismissed?

Answer 40

The **breeder hypothesis**, which suggests that urbanization itself contributes to schizophrenia risk, was largely dismissed for many years.

Question 41

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did Torrey et al. (1997a) find when analyzing the 1880 census data on insanity in the USA?

Answer 41

They found a strong linear trend in schizophrenia rates increasing with urbanization, with odds ratios showing higher rates in urban versus rural areas.

Question 42

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What study used Swedish conscript data to examine the association between upbringing location and schizophrenia incidence?

Answer 42

Lewis et al. (1992) used Swedish conscript data and found a significant linear trend, with the highest schizophrenia rates among those raised in cities.

Question 43

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did Marcelis et al. (1998) conclude about urban birth and psychosis risk in the Netherlands?

Answer 43

They found that urban birth was specifically associated with schizophrenia and had a stronger effect on men than women.

Question 44

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did Peen and Decker (1997) find regarding schizophrenia rates and urbanization in the Netherlands?

Answer 44

They found a significant positive correlation between admission rates for schizophrenia and the degree of urbanization.

Question 45

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What was the key finding of Mortensen et al. (1999) in Denmark regarding urban birth and schizophrenia risk?

Answer 45

They found a **dose-response relationship**, where the larger the town of birth, the higher the risk, with urban birth being a stronger risk factor than having a parent with schizophrenia.

Question 46

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** How did Dauncey et al. (1993) challenge the social drift hypothesis?

Answer 46

They found no evidence that people systematically moved to cities before their first admission for schizophrenia.

Question 47

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did Pedersen and Mortensen (2001) discover about the relationship between childhood urban exposure and schizophrenia?

Answer 47

They found that schizophrenia risk increased with the number of years spent in an urban area between ages 0 and 20.

Question 48

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did Hare (1955) find about schizophrenia rates and social class?

Answer 48

He found that schizophrenia was more common among lower social classes.

Question 49

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** How did Eaton et al. (2000) investigate obstetric complications as a factor for schizophrenia?

Answer 49

They found that obstetric complications were moderately related to early-onset schizophrenia but did not explain the urban effect.

Question 50

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What role might infectious diseases play in the urban-schizophrenia link?

Answer 50

Higher rates of maternal infections like rubella in urban environments may increase schizophrenia risk.

Question 51

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** How does drug use factor into the urban-schizophrenia connection?

Answer 51

Although drug abuse can increase schizophrenia risk, urbanization studies predate widespread recreational drug use, suggesting other factors are also at play.

Question 52

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** How does psychosocial stress relate to schizophrenia risk?

Answer 52

Adverse life events, which may be more common in urban areas, are associated with psychosis onset but do not fully explain the urban effect.

Question 53

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did Thornicroft et al. (1993) suggest about social isolation and schizophrenia?

Answer 53

They suggested that social isolation, especially in deprived urban areas, may mediate schizophrenia risk.

Question 54

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did van Os et al. (2000) find regarding social isolation?

Answer 54

They found that single individuals had a higher risk of schizophrenia if they lived in neighborhoods with fewer single people.

Question 55

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What season of birth is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia?

Answer 55

Late winter and early spring births are associated with a small but significant increase in schizophrenia risk.

Question 56

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What hypothesis links schizophrenia birth seasonality to parental procreation habits?

Answer 56

This hypothesis was largely dismissed, as the birthdates of siblings of individuals with schizophrenia show no seasonal variation.

Question 57

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** How has maternal exposure to influenza been linked to schizophrenia risk?

Answer 57

Studies suggest that prenatal exposure to winter viruses like influenza may increase the risk of schizophrenia.

Question 58

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did Takei et al. (1995) find about the interaction between urbanicity and season of birth?

Answer 58

They found that city birth was associated with increased schizophrenia risk only for those born in autumn and winter.

Question 59

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did Mortensen et al. (1999) conclude about urbanicity and season of birth?

Answer 59

They found no significant interaction between urban birth and season of birth in schizophrenia risk.

Question 60

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did Odegård (1932) hypothesize about the high schizophrenia rates in Norwegian migrants to the USA?

Answer 60

He suggested that unfamiliar surroundings and social alienation contributed to their schizophrenia risk.

Question 61

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What has research found about schizophrenia rates in UK African-Caribbean populations?

Answer 61

Multiple studies have found significantly increased rates of schizophrenia among African-Caribbean individuals in the UK.

Question 62

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What major methodological issue affects migration and schizophrenia research?

Answer 62

Estimating the denominator (the true size of the migrant population) can be challenging.

Question 63

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What is the “category fallacy” in migration and schizophrenia research?

Answer 63

It refers to the concern that psychiatric categories developed in one culture may not apply accurately to another.

Question 64

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What did McKenzie et al. (1995) find about the course of schizophrenia in African-Caribbean vs. White patients?

Answer 64

African-Caribbean patients had a less deteriorated illness course but were more often admitted involuntarily.

Question 65

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** What evidence suggests that social discrimination contributes to schizophrenia risk?

Answer 65

Boydell et al. (2001) found that schizophrenia incidence increased in ethnic minorities as their proportion in a given area decreased.

Question 66

**Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia** How does urbanization relate to increased schizophrenia rates in migrant populations?

Answer 66

Most migrants live in cities, often in deprived areas, which may partly explain their increased schizophrenia rates.

Question 67

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What is the main finding of the meta-analysis on childhood adversity and psychosis?

Answer 67

Childhood adversity is strongly associated with an increased risk for psychosis, with an overall effect size of OR = 2.78.

Question 68

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What types of childhood adversity were examined in the study?

Answer 68

Sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional/psychological abuse, neglect, parental death, and bullying.

Question 69

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** How many studies were included in the meta-analysis?

Answer 69

The analysis included 18 case-control studies, 10 prospective and quasi-prospective studies, and 8 population-based cross-sectional studies.

Question 70

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What is the estimated population attributable risk (PAR) for childhood adversity in psychosis?

Answer 70

The estimated PAR is 33% (range: 16%–47%).

Question 71

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What global impact does childhood adversity have on mental health?

Answer 71

It increases the risk for psychiatric disorders, lower educational attainment, and poorer general well-being.

Question 72

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** Why is a systematic quantitative synthesis necessary for studying childhood adversity and psychosis?

Answer 72

Previous reviews were narrative and yielded inconsistent conclusions. A meta-analysis provides a quantitative and objective assessment of the data.

Question 73

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** Why were only reports published after January 1980 included in the study?

Answer 73

The first empirical study on childhood adversity and psychosis was published in 1980, and DSM-III introduced more consistent diagnostic criteria.

Question 74

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What were the inclusion criteria for measures of childhood adversity?

Answer 74

Adversity had to be assessed at the individual level and measured before age 18.

Question 75

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** How was psychosis defined in the included studies?

Answer 75

As a diagnosis of psychotic disorder, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder based on standardized diagnostic criteria.

Question 76

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What statistical method was used to compute effect sizes?

Answer 76

Meta-analysis using odds ratios (OR) and random-effects models.

Question 77

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What were the findings regarding different study designs?

Answer 77

The association between childhood adversity and psychosis was significant across case-control, cross-sectional, and prospective studies.

Question 78

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** Which type of adversity was not significantly associated with psychosis?

Answer 78

Parental death (although significance was found after excluding one study).

Question 79

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What sensitivity analyses were conducted?

Answer 79

Analyses controlling for gender, age, socioeconomic status, and other confounding variables.

Question 80

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** Did the meta-analysis find evidence of publication bias?

Answer 80

No significant evidence of publication bias was found.

Question 81

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What does the study suggest about the impact of adversity type?

Answer 81

No single type of adversity was a stronger predictor of psychosis than others; overall exposure increased risk.

Question 82

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What do the findings imply for clinical practice?

Answer 82

Clinicians should routinely inquire about childhood adversity when assessing patients with psychosis.

Question 83

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What further research is suggested by the study?

Answer 83

Investigating interactions between trauma and other risk factors, and the specific impact of different ages of exposure.

Question 84

**Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis** What are the implications for treatment and prevention?

Answer 84

Greater focus on psychosocial interventions addressing trauma in psychosis treatment and increased prevention efforts.

Question 85

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What is the main focus of the review?

Answer 85

The review examines U.S.-based evidence connecting social environment characteristics with outcomes across the psychosis continuum, emphasizing the role of structural racism in shaping psychosis risk.

Question 86

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What are the three key areas selected for review regarding psychosis risk?

Answer 86

Neighborhood factors, cumulative trauma and stress, and prenatal/perinatal complications.

Question 87

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What are social determinants of health?

Answer 87

Inequities in social and environmental conditions experienced across the lifespan that produce health inequalities.

Question 88

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How does structural racism impact health according to the review?

Answer 88

It limits access to flexible resources and maintains health disparities through multiple pathways, including neighborhood segregation and control over life circumstances.

Question 89

**From Womb to Neighborhood** Why has research on social determinants of psychosis lagged in the U.S.?

Answer 89

More attention has been placed on biological and individual factors rather than the interplay between social and biological determinants.

Question 90

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What was one of the first empirical studies linking minority status and psychosis?

Answer 90

Ødegård (1932) found that Norwegian immigrants to the U.S. had twice the schizophrenia diagnosis rate compared to U.S.-born individuals and those in Norway.

Question 91

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What are some factors complicating the understanding of psychosis incidence in minoritized U.S. racial groups?

Answer 91

Lack of a centralized health register, methodological issues in epidemiological studies, and racial misdiagnosis.

Question 92

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What is the primary reason for racial disparities in psychosis risk in the U.S.?

Answer 92

Structural racism shapes the distribution of risk factors across racial groups.

Question 93

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How do racial wealth disparities illustrate systemic inequities?

Answer 93

In New Jersey, the median net worth for White families is $309,396 compared to $7,020 for Latinx and $5,900 for Black families.

Question 94

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What is the goal of the review regarding psychosis in the U.S.?

Answer 94

To provide a consolidated integration of U.S.-based research on social determinants of psychosis, focusing on race and ethnicity.

Question 95

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What are some neighborhood-level factors linked to psychosis?

Answer 95

Urbanicity, ethnic density, perceived disorder, residential stability, and access to resources.

Question 96

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How has neighborhood segregation perpetuated disadvantage in the U.S.?

Answer 96

Systemic inequities in access to food, water, air quality, education, healthcare, and safe housing are sustained across generations.

Question 97

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What was an early finding regarding urbanicity and schizophrenia?

Answer 97

Faris and Dunham found that living in more population-dense areas was linked to higher schizophrenia rates.

Question 98

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How does neighborhood disruption relate to psychosis?

Answer 98

Greater disruption, such as fear of displacement or weakened social networks, increases psychotic experiences.

Question 99

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How might future U.S. research refine the understanding of neighborhood effects on psychosis?

Answer 99

By using geocoding and mapping tools to assess environmental factors like green space and pollution.

Question 100

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impact psychosis risk?

Answer 100

ACEs contribute to stress responses linked to psychosis, with racial minorities experiencing higher exposure rates.

Question 101

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What is the relationship between cumulative trauma and psychotic symptoms?

Answer 101

More frequent and severe trauma increases the likelihood and intensity of psychotic symptoms.

Question 102

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How does police violence contribute to racial trauma?

Answer 102

Black, Indigenous, and Latino men experience higher rates of police violence, creating collective racial trauma.

Question 103

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How does exposure to gun violence impact psychosis risk?

Answer 103

Individuals exposed to gun violence are more likely to report psychotic experiences.

Question 104

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What obstetric complications are linked to psychotic disorders?

Answer 104

Infections, maternal inflammation, maternal stress, hypoxia, and decreased fetal growth.

Question 105

**From Womb to Neighborhood** Why do Black women in the U.S. experience higher rates of pregnancy complications?

Answer 105

Structural racism contributes to increased stress, environmental exposures, and limited access to care.

Question 106

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What role does discrimination play in prenatal health disparities?

Answer 106

Perceived discrimination among Black women predicts lower birth weight and higher inflammatory responses.

Question 107

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How does acculturation affect birth outcomes among Latinx women?

Answer 107

The longer Latinx women stay in the U.S., the more their obstetric complication rates resemble those of Black women, possibly due to cumulative exposure to discrimination.

Question 108

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How does discrimination impact neural and physiological responses?

Answer 108

Chronic stress from discrimination alters neural circuitry, particularly in threat-related brain regions.

Question 109

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What biological mechanisms link discrimination to psychosis risk?

Answer 109

Changes in amygdala activity, inflammatory responses, and stress hormones.

Question 110

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What are key recommendations for addressing social determinants of psychosis?

Answer 110

Investing in anti-racist policies, improving mental health training, and developing targeted interventions.

Question 111

**From Womb to Neighborhood** Why is funding for research on psychosis and racial disparities necessary?

Answer 111

Reliable incidence estimates and interventions are needed to address racial disparities in diagnosis and treatment.

Question 112

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How can mental health training better integrate racial trauma?

Answer 112

By incorporating the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview and structural competency training.

Question 113

**From Womb to Neighborhood** Why are interventions needed to address racism in psychosis treatment?

Answer 113

Current treatments lack components that address racial discrimination and social determinants.

Question 114

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What is an example of a culturally-informed treatment for psychosis?

Answer 114

CIT-S, which incorporates family collectivism and adaptive spiritual beliefs.

Question 115

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What qualitative approach could help develop better interventions?

Answer 115

Photovoice, a participatory research method allowing communities to document their experiences.

Question 116

**From Womb to Neighborhood** How does structural racism contribute to psychosis risk?

Answer 116

Through neighborhood disadvantage, collective trauma, and individual discrimination that increase chronic stress.

Question 117

**From Womb to Neighborhood** Why is research on social determinants of psychosis particularly important for marginalized groups?

Answer 117

They experience unique stressors, including police violence, environmental exposure, and discrimination.

Question 118

**From Womb to Neighborhood** What future research directions are needed to address disparities in psychosis risk?

Answer 118

More studies using mixed methods to understand the intersection of adversity, minority status, and access to care.

Question 119

**What causes psychosis?** What is psychosis?

Answer 119

Psychosis is a heterogeneous psychiatric condition characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

Question 120

**What causes psychosis?** What was the primary aim of the umbrella review?

Answer 120

The review aimed to classify the strength of evidence for risk and protective factors associated with psychotic disorders while controlling for various biases.

Question 121

**What causes psychosis?** What database was used for the literature search?

Answer 121

The Web of Knowledge database was used to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Question 122

**What causes psychosis?** Q: What two factors showed the most convincing evidence for an association with psychosis?

Answer 122

1) Ultra-high-risk state for psychosis (OR = 9.32) 2) Black-Caribbean ethnicity in England (OR = 4.87)

Question 123

**What causes psychosis?** What does “ultra-high-risk state for psychosis” mean?

Answer 123

It refers to individuals identified as being at imminent risk of developing psychosis based on clinical criteria.

Question 124

**What causes psychosis?** Name two highly suggestive socio-demographic risk factors for psychosis.

Answer 124

1) Ethnic minority status in a low ethnic density area 2) Second-generation immigrant status

Question 125

**What causes psychosis?** What four antecedents were considered highly suggestive risk factors?

Answer 125

1) Minor physical anomalies 2) Trait anhedonia 3) Olfactory identification ability 4) Premorbid IQ

Question 126

**What causes psychosis?** Name three suggestive socio-demographic risk factors for psychosis.

Answer 126

1) Urbanicity 2) Ethnic minority status in a high ethnic density area 3) First-generation immigrant status

Question 127

**What causes psychosis?** What perinatal factor showed suggestive evidence of association with psychosis?

Answer 127

Being born in winter or spring in the Northern Hemisphere.

Question 128

**What causes psychosis?** Name two later-life risk factors that were suggestive for psychosis.

Answer 128

1) Childhood trauma 2) Presence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies

Question 129

**What causes psychosis?** What two antecedents were suggestive of psychosis?

Answer 129

1) Childhood social withdrawal 2) Non-right handedness

Question 130

**What causes psychosis?** Did urbanicity remain a significant risk factor in sensitivity analyses using only prospective studies?

Answer 130

Yes, urbanicity remained a suggestive (Class III) risk factor.

Question 131

**What causes psychosis?** What happened to most other risk factors when only prospective studies were considered?

Answer 131

Many were downgraded to weak or non-significant evidence.

Question 132

**What causes psychosis?** What common bias affects studies on psychosis risk factors?

Answer 132

Small-study effects and excess significance bias, which can inflate the perceived strength of an association.