Week 5 Flashcards
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What is the main finding of the meta-analysis on racial disparity in schizophrenia diagnosis?
Black individuals are 2.4 times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than White individuals.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What was the purpose of the meta-analysis conducted in the study?
To quantify racial diagnostic disparities in schizophrenia and examine whether structured diagnostic assessments reduce these disparities.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What was the overall odds ratio (OR) found for Black individuals being diagnosed with schizophrenia compared to White individuals?
OR = 2.42, indicating that Black individuals are significantly more likely to be diagnosed.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
Did structured diagnostic assessments significantly reduce racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis?
No, while structured assessments showed slightly lower disparities (OR = 1.77), the difference was not statistically significant.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What are some proposed explanations for racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis?
Clinician bias, social disadvantages, differences in symptom presentation, and historical shifts in diagnostic criteria.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
How might clinician bias contribute to racial diagnostic disparities?
Clinicians may apply different symptom criteria or cultural assumptions when diagnosing Black versus White patients.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What role do social factors play in the racial disparity of schizophrenia diagnosis?
Social factors such as discrimination, poverty, and limited access to healthcare may increase psychological distress and diagnosis rates.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
How does the percentage of White patients in a study affect racial diagnostic disparities?
Studies with higher proportions of White patients tended to report greater disparities in schizophrenia diagnoses.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
Did the study find evidence of publication bias in research on racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis?
No, statistical tests suggested minimal evidence of publication bias.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What geographic and study-setting factors were associated with racial diagnostic disparities?
Higher disparities were found in the Midwest and Southeast, as well as in hospital settings compared to community clinics.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What hypothesis about structured diagnostic methods was tested in the study?
The hypothesis that structured-instrument assessments would reduce racial diagnostic disparities.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What was the main conclusion regarding structured diagnostic assessments?
They do not fully mitigate racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What historical factor has been suggested as a cause of racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnosis?
Changes in schizophrenia diagnostic criteria in the 1960s that pathologized certain behaviors common in Black communities.
Do Structured Assessments Attenuate Racial Disparities?
What recommendations does the study make for future research?
Investigate clinician bias, cultural influences, social factors, and ethnicity-blinded diagnostic procedures.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
How did American racial history alter the meaning of mental illness and mental health?
Emerging scientific understandings of schizophrenia became enmeshed with historical currents that marked particular bodies and psyches as crazy in particular ways, changing the associations Americans made about schizophrenia and ultimately altering the meaning of both mental illness and mental health.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
Why is early intervention important for youth at risk for psychosis?
Early intervention can improve outcomes in psychotic disorders and reduce the negative psychosocial outcomes associated with attenuated symptoms, even for individuals who never transition to a full-threshold psychotic disorder.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What major issue has been overlooked in research on psychosis prevention?
Most research has focused on individuals from majority racial/ethnic groups, with little attention given to how racism and sociocultural context impact early identification and treatment for racial/ethnic minorities.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What are psychosis-risk symptoms, and how are they identified?
Psychosis-risk symptoms are subclinical levels of psychosis, such as attenuated hallucinations or delusions, and are identified using standardized self-report and semi-structured interview tools.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What are the five major aims of the Grand Challenge for preventing serious mental illness?
1) Develop brief non-stigmatizing screening tools, 2) Test novel treatment approaches, 3) Evaluate the benefits of early intervention, 4) Create regional centers of excellence for prevention, and 5) Educate social work students on early detection and intervention.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What are the three innovative strategies proposed for psychosis prevention?
1) A focused prevention approach between general mental health interventions and targeted psychosis prevention
2) Psychosocial treatment as a primary intervention
3) Community agencies as early detection points.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What are some validated tools used for screening psychosis-risk symptoms?
The PRIME Screen, the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B), and semi-structured interviews like the Structured Interview for Psychosis Risk Syndromes (SIPS) and the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS).
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What challenge remains in screening for psychosis risk?
Internalized stigma among youth at risk for psychosis can affect the accuracy of self-reports and interview-based assessments, leading to potential misdiagnosis or reluctance to seek help.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
How effective are prevention intervention services for youth at risk for psychosis?
Studies show that prevention interventions, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and family psychoeducation, can reduce symptoms and improve functioning, though no single intervention has been shown to be superior.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What role do regional centers of excellence play in psychosis prevention?
They provide outreach, assessment, and intervention services for youth at risk, supported by state and federal funding initiatives.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
How has structural racism affected the diagnosis and treatment of Black individuals with schizophrenia?
Black individuals have historically been over-diagnosed with schizophrenia due to racial biases, leading to misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, and worse mental health outcomes.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What was Drapetomania, and how does it relate to structural racism in mental health?
Drapetomania was a fabricated disorder used to pathologize enslaved Africans who tried to escape, illustrating how racism has historically shaped mental health diagnoses.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
How were Black individuals disproportionately affected in psychiatric institutions?
Black patients in segregated asylums faced poor nutrition, medical neglect, labor exploitation, and sexual violence.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
How did schizophrenia become racialized in the 1960s and 1970s?
The diagnosis was systematically applied to Black individuals, especially civil rights activists, to delegitimize their voices and movements.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What disparities exist in access to and quality of mental health care for racial/ethnic minorities?
Black individuals experience higher rates of involuntary hospitalizations, lower rates of effective treatment, and are less likely to receive evidence-based care.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
How do racial biases affect psychosis risk assessments?
Standardized self-report and clinical assessments may over-pathologize racial/ethnic minority youth due to cultural misunderstandings or contextual factors like racial trauma.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What are some limitations of self-report measures like the PRIME Screen for minority populations?
Some items may misinterpret cultural beliefs (e.g., spirituality or superstition) as psychosis-risk symptoms, leading to false positives in minority youth.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
Why might racial/ethnic minority youth experience more psychosis-like symptoms?
Chronic stress from discrimination, exposure to violence, and systemic inequalities can contribute to experiences that resemble psychosis-risk symptoms.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What are two culturally adapted interventions for schizophrenia?
Culturally Informed Treatment for Schizophrenia (CIT-S) and Culturally-adapted Family Intervention (CaFI), which incorporate cultural beliefs, spirituality, and collectivist family values.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
How can social workers reduce racial bias in psychosis risk assessment?
By integrating cultural competence training, validating screening tools across racial groups, and contextualizing symptoms within environmental stressors like racism.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What recommendations are made for improving psychosis prevention for racial/ethnic minorities?
1) Educate social workers about historical racism
2) Develop racially unbiased assessment tools
3) Incorporate culturally responsive explanatory models of psychosis.
Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth: Prevention Of Psychosis
What strategies can social workers use to support minority youth at risk for psychosis?
Engage families in culturally responsive interventions, connect clients with advocacy groups, and ensure interventions address both mental health and social inequalities.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did early studies, such as those reviewed by Freeman (1994), find about schizophrenia rates in inner-city areas?
Early studies found that schizophrenia rates were increased in inner-city areas in Western societies.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What was the key finding of Faris and Dunham (1939) regarding schizophrenia in Chicago?
They found that first admission rates for schizophrenia were higher in inner-city areas, especially in disorganized neighborhoods, compared to more cohesive working-class and ethnic minority areas.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What hypothesis suggests that individuals with schizophrenia tend to move into urban areas?
The social drift hypothesis suggests that people with schizophrenia or incipient schizophrenia tend to move into more urbanized and deprived areas.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What alternative explanation to the “social drift” theory was largely dismissed?
The breeder hypothesis, which suggests that urbanization itself contributes to schizophrenia risk, was largely dismissed for many years.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did Torrey et al. (1997a) find when analyzing the 1880 census data on insanity in the USA?
They found a strong linear trend in schizophrenia rates increasing with urbanization, with odds ratios showing higher rates in urban versus rural areas.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What study used Swedish conscript data to examine the association between upbringing location and schizophrenia incidence?
Lewis et al. (1992) used Swedish conscript data and found a significant linear trend, with the highest schizophrenia rates among those raised in cities.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did Marcelis et al. (1998) conclude about urban birth and psychosis risk in the Netherlands?
They found that urban birth was specifically associated with schizophrenia and had a stronger effect on men than women.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did Peen and Decker (1997) find regarding schizophrenia rates and urbanization in the Netherlands?
They found a significant positive correlation between admission rates for schizophrenia and the degree of urbanization.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What was the key finding of Mortensen et al. (1999) in Denmark regarding urban birth and schizophrenia risk?
They found a dose-response relationship, where the larger the town of birth, the higher the risk, with urban birth being a stronger risk factor than having a parent with schizophrenia.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
How did Dauncey et al. (1993) challenge the social drift hypothesis?
They found no evidence that people systematically moved to cities before their first admission for schizophrenia.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did Pedersen and Mortensen (2001) discover about the relationship between childhood urban exposure and schizophrenia?
They found that schizophrenia risk increased with the number of years spent in an urban area between ages 0 and 20.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did Hare (1955) find about schizophrenia rates and social class?
He found that schizophrenia was more common among lower social classes.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
How did Eaton et al. (2000) investigate obstetric complications as a factor for schizophrenia?
They found that obstetric complications were moderately related to early-onset schizophrenia but did not explain the urban effect.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What role might infectious diseases play in the urban-schizophrenia link?
Higher rates of maternal infections like rubella in urban environments may increase schizophrenia risk.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
How does drug use factor into the urban-schizophrenia connection?
Although drug abuse can increase schizophrenia risk, urbanization studies predate widespread recreational drug use, suggesting other factors are also at play.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
How does psychosocial stress relate to schizophrenia risk?
Adverse life events, which may be more common in urban areas, are associated with psychosis onset but do not fully explain the urban effect.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did Thornicroft et al. (1993) suggest about social isolation and schizophrenia?
They suggested that social isolation, especially in deprived urban areas, may mediate schizophrenia risk.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did van Os et al. (2000) find regarding social isolation?
They found that single individuals had a higher risk of schizophrenia if they lived in neighborhoods with fewer single people.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What season of birth is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia?
Late winter and early spring births are associated with a small but significant increase in schizophrenia risk.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What hypothesis links schizophrenia birth seasonality to parental procreation habits?
This hypothesis was largely dismissed, as the birthdates of siblings of individuals with schizophrenia show no seasonal variation.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
How has maternal exposure to influenza been linked to schizophrenia risk?
Studies suggest that prenatal exposure to winter viruses like influenza may increase the risk of schizophrenia.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did Takei et al. (1995) find about the interaction between urbanicity and season of birth?
They found that city birth was associated with increased schizophrenia risk only for those born in autumn and winter.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did Mortensen et al. (1999) conclude about urbanicity and season of birth?
They found no significant interaction between urban birth and season of birth in schizophrenia risk.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did Odegård (1932) hypothesize about the high schizophrenia rates in Norwegian migrants to the USA?
He suggested that unfamiliar surroundings and social alienation contributed to their schizophrenia risk.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What has research found about schizophrenia rates in UK African-Caribbean populations?
Multiple studies have found significantly increased rates of schizophrenia among African-Caribbean individuals in the UK.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What major methodological issue affects migration and schizophrenia research?
Estimating the denominator (the true size of the migrant population) can be challenging.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What is the “category fallacy” in migration and schizophrenia research?
It refers to the concern that psychiatric categories developed in one culture may not apply accurately to another.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What did McKenzie et al. (1995) find about the course of schizophrenia in African-Caribbean vs. White patients?
African-Caribbean patients had a less deteriorated illness course but were more often admitted involuntarily.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
What evidence suggests that social discrimination contributes to schizophrenia risk?
Boydell et al. (2001) found that schizophrenia incidence increased in ethnic minorities as their proportion in a given area decreased.
Urbanization, migration, and risk of Schizophrenia
How does urbanization relate to increased schizophrenia rates in migrant populations?
Most migrants live in cities, often in deprived areas, which may partly explain their increased schizophrenia rates.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What is the main finding of the meta-analysis on childhood adversity and psychosis?
Childhood adversity is strongly associated with an increased risk for psychosis, with an overall effect size of OR = 2.78.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What types of childhood adversity were examined in the study?
Sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional/psychological abuse, neglect, parental death, and bullying.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
How many studies were included in the meta-analysis?
The analysis included 18 case-control studies, 10 prospective and quasi-prospective studies, and 8 population-based cross-sectional studies.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What is the estimated population attributable risk (PAR) for childhood adversity in psychosis?
The estimated PAR is 33% (range: 16%–47%).
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What global impact does childhood adversity have on mental health?
It increases the risk for psychiatric disorders, lower educational attainment, and poorer general well-being.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
Why is a systematic quantitative synthesis necessary for studying childhood adversity and psychosis?
Previous reviews were narrative and yielded inconsistent conclusions. A meta-analysis provides a quantitative and objective assessment of the data.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
Why were only reports published after January 1980 included in the study?
The first empirical study on childhood adversity and psychosis was published in 1980, and DSM-III introduced more consistent diagnostic criteria.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What were the inclusion criteria for measures of childhood adversity?
Adversity had to be assessed at the individual level and measured before age 18.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
How was psychosis defined in the included studies?
As a diagnosis of psychotic disorder, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder based on standardized diagnostic criteria.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What statistical method was used to compute effect sizes?
Meta-analysis using odds ratios (OR) and random-effects models.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What were the findings regarding different study designs?
The association between childhood adversity and psychosis was significant across case-control, cross-sectional, and prospective studies.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
Which type of adversity was not significantly associated with psychosis?
Parental death (although significance was found after excluding one study).
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What sensitivity analyses were conducted?
Analyses controlling for gender, age, socioeconomic status, and other confounding variables.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
Did the meta-analysis find evidence of publication bias?
No significant evidence of publication bias was found.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What does the study suggest about the impact of adversity type?
No single type of adversity was a stronger predictor of psychosis than others; overall exposure increased risk.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What do the findings imply for clinical practice?
Clinicians should routinely inquire about childhood adversity when assessing patients with psychosis.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What further research is suggested by the study?
Investigating interactions between trauma and other risk factors, and the specific impact of different ages of exposure.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis
What are the implications for treatment and prevention?
Greater focus on psychosocial interventions addressing trauma in psychosis treatment and increased prevention efforts.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What is the main focus of the review?
The review examines U.S.-based evidence connecting social environment characteristics with outcomes across the psychosis continuum, emphasizing the role of structural racism in shaping psychosis risk.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What are the three key areas selected for review regarding psychosis risk?
Neighborhood factors, cumulative trauma and stress, and prenatal/perinatal complications.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What are social determinants of health?
Inequities in social and environmental conditions experienced across the lifespan that produce health inequalities.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How does structural racism impact health according to the review?
It limits access to flexible resources and maintains health disparities through multiple pathways, including neighborhood segregation and control over life circumstances.
From Womb to Neighborhood
Why has research on social determinants of psychosis lagged in the U.S.?
More attention has been placed on biological and individual factors rather than the interplay between social and biological determinants.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What was one of the first empirical studies linking minority status and psychosis?
Ødegård (1932) found that Norwegian immigrants to the U.S. had twice the schizophrenia diagnosis rate compared to U.S.-born individuals and those in Norway.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What are some factors complicating the understanding of psychosis incidence in minoritized U.S. racial groups?
Lack of a centralized health register, methodological issues in epidemiological studies, and racial misdiagnosis.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What is the primary reason for racial disparities in psychosis risk in the U.S.?
Structural racism shapes the distribution of risk factors across racial groups.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How do racial wealth disparities illustrate systemic inequities?
In New Jersey, the median net worth for White families is $309,396 compared to $7,020 for Latinx and $5,900 for Black families.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What is the goal of the review regarding psychosis in the U.S.?
To provide a consolidated integration of U.S.-based research on social determinants of psychosis, focusing on race and ethnicity.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What are some neighborhood-level factors linked to psychosis?
Urbanicity, ethnic density, perceived disorder, residential stability, and access to resources.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How has neighborhood segregation perpetuated disadvantage in the U.S.?
Systemic inequities in access to food, water, air quality, education, healthcare, and safe housing are sustained across generations.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What was an early finding regarding urbanicity and schizophrenia?
Faris and Dunham found that living in more population-dense areas was linked to higher schizophrenia rates.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How does neighborhood disruption relate to psychosis?
Greater disruption, such as fear of displacement or weakened social networks, increases psychotic experiences.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How might future U.S. research refine the understanding of neighborhood effects on psychosis?
By using geocoding and mapping tools to assess environmental factors like green space and pollution.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impact psychosis risk?
ACEs contribute to stress responses linked to psychosis, with racial minorities experiencing higher exposure rates.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What is the relationship between cumulative trauma and psychotic symptoms?
More frequent and severe trauma increases the likelihood and intensity of psychotic symptoms.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How does police violence contribute to racial trauma?
Black, Indigenous, and Latino men experience higher rates of police violence, creating collective racial trauma.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How does exposure to gun violence impact psychosis risk?
Individuals exposed to gun violence are more likely to report psychotic experiences.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What obstetric complications are linked to psychotic disorders?
Infections, maternal inflammation, maternal stress, hypoxia, and decreased fetal growth.
From Womb to Neighborhood
Why do Black women in the U.S. experience higher rates of pregnancy complications?
Structural racism contributes to increased stress, environmental exposures, and limited access to care.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What role does discrimination play in prenatal health disparities?
Perceived discrimination among Black women predicts lower birth weight and higher inflammatory responses.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How does acculturation affect birth outcomes among Latinx women?
The longer Latinx women stay in the U.S., the more their obstetric complication rates resemble those of Black women, possibly due to cumulative exposure to discrimination.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How does discrimination impact neural and physiological responses?
Chronic stress from discrimination alters neural circuitry, particularly in threat-related brain regions.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What biological mechanisms link discrimination to psychosis risk?
Changes in amygdala activity, inflammatory responses, and stress hormones.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What are key recommendations for addressing social determinants of psychosis?
Investing in anti-racist policies, improving mental health training, and developing targeted interventions.
From Womb to Neighborhood
Why is funding for research on psychosis and racial disparities necessary?
Reliable incidence estimates and interventions are needed to address racial disparities in diagnosis and treatment.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How can mental health training better integrate racial trauma?
By incorporating the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview and structural competency training.
From Womb to Neighborhood
Why are interventions needed to address racism in psychosis treatment?
Current treatments lack components that address racial discrimination and social determinants.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What is an example of a culturally-informed treatment for psychosis?
CIT-S, which incorporates family collectivism and adaptive spiritual beliefs.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What qualitative approach could help develop better interventions?
Photovoice, a participatory research method allowing communities to document their experiences.
From Womb to Neighborhood
How does structural racism contribute to psychosis risk?
Through neighborhood disadvantage, collective trauma, and individual discrimination that increase chronic stress.
From Womb to Neighborhood
Why is research on social determinants of psychosis particularly important for marginalized groups?
They experience unique stressors, including police violence, environmental exposure, and discrimination.
From Womb to Neighborhood
What future research directions are needed to address disparities in psychosis risk?
More studies using mixed methods to understand the intersection of adversity, minority status, and access to care.
What causes psychosis?
What is psychosis?
Psychosis is a heterogeneous psychiatric condition characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
What causes psychosis?
What was the primary aim of the umbrella review?
The review aimed to classify the strength of evidence for risk and protective factors associated with psychotic disorders while controlling for various biases.
What causes psychosis?
What database was used for the literature search?
The Web of Knowledge database was used to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
What causes psychosis?
Q: What two factors showed the most convincing evidence for an association with psychosis?
1) Ultra-high-risk state for psychosis (OR = 9.32)
2) Black-Caribbean ethnicity in England (OR = 4.87)
What causes psychosis?
What does “ultra-high-risk state for psychosis” mean?
It refers to individuals identified as being at imminent risk of developing psychosis based on clinical criteria.
What causes psychosis?
Name two highly suggestive socio-demographic risk factors for psychosis.
1) Ethnic minority status in a low ethnic density area
2) Second-generation immigrant status
What causes psychosis?
What four antecedents were considered highly suggestive risk factors?
1) Minor physical anomalies
2) Trait anhedonia
3) Olfactory identification ability
4) Premorbid IQ
What causes psychosis?
Name three suggestive socio-demographic risk factors for psychosis.
1) Urbanicity
2) Ethnic minority status in a high ethnic density area
3) First-generation immigrant status
What causes psychosis?
What perinatal factor showed suggestive evidence of association with psychosis?
Being born in winter or spring in the Northern Hemisphere.
What causes psychosis?
Name two later-life risk factors that were suggestive for psychosis.
1) Childhood trauma
2) Presence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies
What causes psychosis?
What two antecedents were suggestive of psychosis?
1) Childhood social withdrawal
2) Non-right handedness
What causes psychosis?
Did urbanicity remain a significant risk factor in sensitivity analyses using only prospective studies?
Yes, urbanicity remained a suggestive (Class III) risk factor.
What causes psychosis?
What happened to most other risk factors when only prospective studies were considered?
Many were downgraded to weak or non-significant evidence.
What causes psychosis?
What common bias affects studies on psychosis risk factors?
Small-study effects and excess significance bias, which can inflate the perceived strength of an association.
