Practice Quizzes Flashcards
__ are perceptual experiences that take place without an outside stimulus while __ are fixed beliefs that remain unchanged despite conflicting evidence.
A. Delusions, disorganized thinking
B. Delusions, hallucinations
C. Hallucinations, disorganized thinking
D. Hallucinations, delusions
(1) Hallucinations, (2) Delusions
According to the american psychiatric association DSM-5 (2013), the most frequent subtype of delusional disorder is
A. Persecutory subtype
B. Jealous subtype
C. Erotomanic subtype
D. Grandiose subtype
Persecutory subtype
Which of the following was not a theme in the article “voice hearing within the context of hearer’s social words: an interpretative phenomenological analysis” by Mawson et al (2011)
A. Voices creating closeness in social relationships
B. Person and voice
C. Voices changing and confirming relationship with the self
D. A battle for control
Voices creating closeness in social relationships
Which of the following substances has been most implicated in inducing long standing psychotic disorders according to the DSM-5?
A. Cannabis
B. Alcohol
C. Cocaine
D. Psycobillin
Cannabis
What is the importance of person-first language according to Schiffman et al (2019)?
A. Demonstrating the humanity, dignity, and positive attributes of individuals with mental health concerns is critical in recovery-oriented mental
health care
B. Person-first language does not conflate the individual with their condition, but instead recognizes the humanity of the individual first
C. The American Psychological Association requires all clinical psychologists and researchers to use person-first language in order to ensure that the humanity of clients and participants is recognized. The consequences are license suspension.
D. A & B
D. A & B
Based on your reading “Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders” by Schiffman et al (2019), which of the following is false?
A. The prevalence of the illness among first-degree relatives is super high. 99% concordance in monozygotic twins, 25% among other siblings, and 30% among offspring
B. Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disease with genetics contributing about 70-90% of the variation in the disorder
C. Individuals who develop a psychotic disorder in their lifetime are approximately 3x more likely to have been exposed to childhood adversity
D. Genome-wide association studies have been sound that there is not specific gene that leads to the development of psychosis
A. The prevalence of the illness among first-degree relatives is super high. 99% concordance in monozygotic twins actual 50%, 25% among other siblings actual 10% ish, and 30% among offspring actual 12-14%
Which of the following is not a key feature of psychotic disorders?
A. Delusions
B. Hallucinations
C. Excessive crying
D. Abnormal Motor Behavior
C. Excessive crying
Which of the following statements is false based on the reading “Categorical versus Dimensional Approaches of Early Psychosis” by Phalen et al (2021)?
A. Dimensional measures of psychosis symptom severity were a better predictor of functional outcomes than categorical approaches
B. Categorical approaches do have benefits as diagnoses are currently critical for insurance coverage
C. Categorical measures and dimensional measures proved to be equivalent in the predictiveness of functional outcomes for clients
D. A dimensional approach can inform treatment decisions for people with psychosis and can be used to track fluctuations in symptom severity
over time
C. Categorical measure and dimensional measures proved to be equivalent in the predictiveness of functional outcomes for clients
According to the “epidemiology of schizophrenia” by Jablensky (2000), the onset of schizophrenia is typically defined as the point in time that
A. Cerebral dysfunction onsets
B. Biochemical lesions onset
C. Clinical manifestations become apparent
D. An individual is receives treatment for the first time for the disorder
C. Clinical manifestations become apparent
What was the main conclusion of the article “Childhood Videotaped Social and Neuromotor Precursors of Schizophrenia” by Schiffman et al, 2004?
A. Social and neuromotor deficits in children who develop psychosis later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
B. Social deficits and an excess of neuromotor activity in children who develop psychosis later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
C. Social, but not neuromotor, deficits in childhood in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
D. Neuromotor, but not social, deficits in childhood in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
A. Social and neuromotor deficits in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia
There is only one psychotic disorder which manifests the same way for everyone
A. True
B. False
False
What is the SIPS?
A. The SIPS is a dimensional self-report measure given to clients to determine the severity of their positive symptoms
B. The SIPS is a self-report measure that clients fill out and clinicians make a diagnosis based on clients’ answers
C. The SIPS is a structured interview for comorbid anxiety disorders.
D. The SIPS is a semi-structured clinical interview for classifying people at low risk, people at CHR for psychosis, and people with a psychotic disorder.
D. The SIPS is a semi-structured clinical interview for classifying people at low risk, people at CHR for psychosis, and people with a psychotic disorder
According to “Epidemiology of Schizophrenia” by Jablensky (2000), the onset of schizophrenia is typically defined as the point in time that:
A. Clinical manifestations become apparent
B. Cerebral dysfunction onsets
C. Biochemical lesions onset
D. An individual is receives treatment for the first time for the disorder
A. Clinical manifestations become apparent
Which of the following is true in regards to sex differences in schizophrenia manifestation according to Jablensky (2000)?
A. Women tend to have worse premorbid functioning
B. Brain abnormalities less frequently occur in men
C. Schizophrenia tends to manifest earlier in men than women
D. Women have a lower percentage of remitting course of the disorder
C. Schizophrenia tends to manifest earlier in men than women
According to Jablensky (2000), which of the following are risk factors for the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders later in life?
A. All of the above
B. Perinatal brain damage
C. Early CNS infection (particularly Coxsackie G5 meningitis in the neonatal period)
D. Poor premorbid social adjustment
A. All of the above
Which of the following is a psychosis-spectrum disorder?
A. All of the above
B. Schizoaffective disorder
C. Brief psychotic disorder
D. Delusional disorder
A. All of the above
Which of the following are often considered “positive symptoms” of psychosis?
A. All of the above
B. Hallucinations
C. Delusions
D. Sometimes disorganization
A. All of the above
What was the main conclusion of the article “Childhood Videotaped Social and Neuromotor Precursors of Schizophrenia” by Schiffman et al, 2004?
A. Social and neuromotor deficits in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
B. Social deficits and an excess of neuromotor activity in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
C. Social, but not neuromotor, behaviors in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
D. Neuromotor, but not social, behaviors in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia
A. Social and neuromotor deficits in children who develop schizophrenia later in life provide support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.
At what age do a majority of individuals with schizophrenia manifest the illness?
A. Young adulthood (2nd or 3rd decade of life)
B. Birth and infancy
C. Adolescence
D. Older adulthood (65+)
A. Young adulthood (2nd or 3rd decade of life)
Which of the following statements is false based on the reading “Categorical vs Dimensional Approaches of Early Psychosis” by Phalen et al, 2021?
A. Categorical measures and dimensional measures proved to be equivalent in predictiveness of functional outcomes for clients
B. Categorical approaches do have benefits as diagnoses are currently critical for insurance coverage.
C. Dimensional measures of psychosis symptom severity were a better predictor of functional outcomes than categorical approaches.
D. A dimensional approach can inform treatment decisions for people with psychosis and can be used to track fluctuations in symptom severity
over time
A. Categorical measures and dimensional measures proved to be equivalent in predictiveness of functional outcomes for clients
What is one disadvantage of embracing a categorical rather than dimensional approach to psychosis as proposed by Phalen et al, 2021?
A. All of the above
B. A person may not exhibit all symptoms associated with a categorical diagnosis
C. Categorical diagnoses can cause stigma
D. Diagnoses are not conducive of biogenetic explanations
A. All of the above
Which of the following is a type of hallucination an individual can experience?
A. All of the above
B. Visual hallucinations
C. Auditory hallucinations
D. Tactile hallucinations
A. All of the above
What was the result of the study “Moderation of the Effect of Adolescent-Onset Cannabis Use in Adult Psychosis” by Caspi et al, 2005?
A. All of the above
B. A functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene moderated the influence of adolescent cannabis use on developing psychosis later in life
C. Carriers of a specific COMT allele were most likely to have psychotic symptoms and to develop schizophreniform disorder following cannabis use
D. Cannabis use did not appear to have an adverse influence of people with two copies of the methionine allele
A. All of the above
Which of the following best describes the relationship between cannabis and the emergence of psychosis as described in the introduction of Caspi et al, 2005?
A. Cannabis use is not a risk factor for the emergence of psychosis
B. Worldwide evidence documents that cannabis use is a modest risk factor for the emergence of psychosis
C. Cannabis use is only a risk factor for the emergence of psychosis in western countries
D. Cannabis use is the biggest risk factor for the emergence of psychosis based on worldwide eviden
B. Worldwide evidence documents that cannabis use is a modest risk factor for the emergence of psychosis
If an individual has elevated persecutory delusions, which of the following thoughts are they least likely to have?
A. A strong belief that someone is out to get them
B. A strong belief that an organization is trying to damage their reputation
C. A strong belief that they have a defect in their appearance
D. A strong belief that someone is trying to make them look insane
C. A strong belief that they have a defect in their appearance.
Which of the following is not a symptom of schizophrenia?
A. Hallucinations
B. Smoking cigarettes
C. Blunted affect
D. Alogia
B. Smoking cigarettes
Which of the following is an important concept you have learned in this class thus far?
A. Early intervention in individuals with psychosis is associated with better long-term outcomes
B. People with schizophrenia must be put on a typical antipsychotic medication as soon as we determine that they have crossed the threshold
for the disorder
C. Person-first language does not conflate the individual with their condition, but instead recognizes the humanity of the individual first
D. A & C
D. A & C
Which of the following best describes the main conclusion of the article “The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia” by Tienari et al, 1984?
A. Genetic vulnerability likely determined whether the adopted offspring of mothers with schizophrenia developed schizophrenia later on
B. Adoptive rearing environment likely determined whether the adopted offspring of mothers with schizophrenia developed schizophrenia later on
C. Genetic vulnerability likely interacted with adoptive rearing environment to increase or decrease the likelihood of whether the adopted offspring of mothers with schizophrenia developed schizophrenia later on
D. None of the offspring of mother with schizophrenia ended up developing psychosis so the researchers were unable to draw any conclusions
C. Genetic vulnerability likely interacted with adoptive rearing environment to increase or decrease the likelihood of whether the adopted offspring of methods with schizophrenia developed schizophrenia later on
Which of the following is true from the study “The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia” by Teinari et al, 1984?
A. No seriously disturbed offspring were reared in a healthy or mildly disturbed adoptive family
B. No healthy offspring was reared in a seriously disturbed adoptive family
C. Approximately 20% of the offspring in the seriously disturbed adoptive family condition developed bipolar disorder
D. The researchers demonstrated that environment is inconsequential in comparison to genetic vulnerability when it comes to determining risk for developing psychosis
A. No “seriously disturbed” offspring were reared in a healthy or mildly disturbed adoptive family
What is the typical life expectancy of an individual with schizophrenia in comparison to the general population as described in Smeland et al. (2020)?
A. 10 years greater than the general population
B. The same as the general population
C. 5 years shorter than the general population
D. 15 years shorter than the general population
D. 15 years shorter than the general population
Which of the following concepts is critical for the advancement of our understanding of schizophrenia according to “the polygenic architecture of schizophrenia –rethinking pathogenesis and nosology” by Smeland et al, 2020?
A. All of the above
B. There are a larger number of genetic and environmental factors that each have small individual effects – that influence the development of schizophrenia
C. International collaboration on GWAS studies is critical in order to gain a full understanding of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia
D. In order to fully understand schizophrenia, we must integrate our understanding of the genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic, structural, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors for the development of schizophrenia
A. All of the above
Which of the following complex phenotypes does schizophrenia show a genetic overlap with according to Smeland et al, 2020?
A. All of the above
B. Substance use
C. Creativity
D. Bipolar disorder
A. All of the above
In “current research” what progress did the researchers report not relating to the identification of specific causal genetic variations?
A. Several common genetic variants of small effect appear to be involved along with some extremely rare variants of potentially large effect
B. Several common genetic variants of large effect appear to be involved along with some extremely rare variants of potentially small effect
C. Several common genetic variants of large effect appear to be involved
D. No genetic variants appear to be involved in schizophrenia development
A. Several common genetic variants of small effect appear to be involved along with some extremely rare variants of large effect
Which of the following was the hypothesized cause for “dark heritability” in schizophrenia research according to Pogue-Geile and Yokley, 2010?
A. All of the above
B. Genetic main effects are small because genes interact with other genes and these interactions between genes result in large effect
C. Genetic effect may be small on average but among individuals with a particular environmental exposure (ex: virus) more may develop schizophrenia
D. Without whole-genome sequencing, researchers can only detect specific polymorphism, resulting in “dark heritability”
A. All of the above
As stated in Pogue-Geile and Yokley, 2010, genetics have been estimated to account for ___ of the total variation in one’s risk of developing schizophrenia
A. 23%
B. 53%
C. 83%
D. 100%
C. 83%
As stated in Pogue-Geile and Yokley, 2010, if an individual is the monozygotic twin of someone with schizophrenia, they have approximately a (1) chance of developing schizophrenia in their lifetime. If the individual is a dizygotic twin of someone with schizophrenia, they have a (2) chance of developing schizophrenia in their lifetime.
A. (1.) 90%, (2.) 42%
B. (1.) 90%, (2.) 17%
C. (1.) 48%, (2.) 17%
D. (1.) 17%, (2.) 13%
C. (1) 48%, (2) 17%
Why is there not 100% concordance in schizophrenia development between monozygotic twins?
A. There is 100% concordance in schizophrenia development between monozygotic twins; this question is false.
B. The two-hit neurodevelopmental model
C. Genes and environment interact, leading to the phenotypic expression of schizophrenia in some people, but not others.
D. B & C
D. B & C
What does concordant twins mean and what does discordant twins mean when discussing genetics and schizophrenia in readings such as Gottesman et al, 1989?
A. Concordant means that both twins have schizophrenia while discordant means that only one twin has schizophrenia
B. Concordant means that one twin have schizophrenia while discordant means that both twins have schizophrenia
C. Concordant means that both twins are at risk for schizophrenia genetically while discordant means that only one twin is at risk for schizophrenia genetically
D. There is no difference between concordant and discordant twins
A. Concordant means that both twins have schizophrenia, while discordant means that only one twin has schizophrenia.
According to Pogue-Geile and Yorkley, 2010, a phenomenon known as “missing” or “dark” heritability (analogous to “dark matter” in astrology) has occurred in genomics research on schizophrenia risk. What is this phenomenon?
A. People with schizophrenia tend to inherit a missing chromosome
B. Most of the genetic markers of risk for schizophrenia are still unknown, although researchers have looked “everywhere”
C. People with schizophrenia tend to inherit darker features than their parents phenotypically (darker hair, darker color eyes, etc.)
D. Visual hallucinations in schizophrenia are believed to be caused by a missing optic nerve, or missing dark spot, in the eye which is inherited genetically
B. Most of the genetic markers of risk for schizophrenia are still unknown, although researchers have looked “everywhere”
Which of the following statements best align with the conclusions drawn in the discussion section of “Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia” by Gottesman et al, 1989?
A. No support was found for the hypothesis that, in order to develop schizophrenia, the parent of an individual must have schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder
B. One parent must have schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder in order for the offspring of that parent to develop schizophrenia
C. Genotypes are always expressed in individuals at-risk for schizophrenia
D. Both parents must have schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder in order for the offspring of those parents to develop schizophrenia
A. No support was found for the hypothesis that, in order to develop schizophrenia, the parent of an individual must have schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.
The study “Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia” by Gottesman et al, 1989, demonstrates a phenomenon often seen in human genetics research, which is:
A. The complete expression of a genotype
B. The predestined development of a disorder throughout one’s lifetime
C. The incomplete expression of a genotype or liability for developing a disease
D. A lack of inherited characteristics
The incomplete expression of a genotype or liability for developing a disease
What is the best estimate of the prevalence rate of schizophrenia in the general population, as reported in Gottesman et al (1989)?
A. 0.09%
B. 1%
C. 2.5%
D. 4%
B. 1%
What does schizophrenia mean?
A. Dementia
B. Split mind
C. Dissociative identity disorder
D. Multiple bipolar disorder
B. Split mind
Which of the following is not a symptom of psychosis discussed by Schiffman et al, 2015, in “School-based Approaches to Reducing the Duration of Untreated Psychosis”?
a.Abnormal psychomotor behavior
b.Disorganized speech
c.Conduct disorder
d.All of the above are symptoms of psychosis
C. Conduct disorder
Less time between onset and treatment is associated with which outcomes ?
A. All of the above
B. Better response to pharmacological and psychological treatments
C. Fewer negative symptoms
D. Lower mortality risk
A. All of the above
Which of the following is a main conclusion from the article “School-based Approaches to Reducing the Duration of Untreated Psychosis” by Schiffman et al. (2015) ?
a.Involving schools in efforts to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis has the potential to significantly impact the course of treatment for adolescents with psychosis
b.School should replace mental health care for adolescents with psychosis
c.Involving schools in efforts to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis has the potential to significantly impact the course of treatment for adolescents with psychosis in western nations
D. A&B
A. Involving schools in efforts to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis has the potential to significantly impact the course of treatment for adolescents with psychosis
How can schools contribute to shortening the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) in students ?
A. All of the above
B. Effective screening
C. Psychoeducation campaigns
D. A general sensitivity toward the idea that student may develop psychosis
A. All of the above
What is the most promising stage of intervention in order to prevent, stall, and/or improve outcomes in psychosis ?
a.The most promising stage is intervention during early fetal development
b.The most promising stage is intervention during childhood prior to symptom onset
c.The most promising stage is intervention in the earliest stage of illness
d.The most promising stage is intervention following at least one episode of psychosis
C. The most promising stage is intervention in the earliest stage of illness
Which of the following intervention types had a significant pooled effect on the transition (to psychosis) rate ?
a.Pharmacological interventions
b.Psychological interventions
c.Brain stimulation interventions
d.Pharmacological and psychological interventions
B. Psychological interventions
Which of the following psychological interventions appeared to have a particularly strong association with reducing transition to psychosis in the article by Mei et al. (2021) ?
a.Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
b.Motivational Interviewing
c.Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
d.All of the above
A. CBT
Which of the following is true regarding the findings of the meta analysis by Mei et al 2021 ?
a.The largest well-conducted studies had statistically significant effects and had the highest transition rates
b.The largest well-conducted studies had statistically significant effects and had the lowest transition rates
c.The largest well-conducted studies did not have statistically significant effects and had the lowest transition rates
d.The largest well-conducted studies had the highest transition rates
C. The largest well conducted studies did not have statistically significant effects and had the lowest transition rates
Which of the following were significant moderators (i.e., variables that influence the relationship between a predictor and an outcome) influencing risk for transition to psychosis across studies included in the metal-analysis by Fusar-Poli et al?
a.Gender of participant
b.Treatments received
c.Length of the manuscript
d.A & C
B. Treatments received
Which of the following influences transition risk according to Fusar-Poli et al, 2012?
a.Age of the patient
b.The gender of the patient
c.The way the syndrome is defined
d.A & C
d.A & C
Maternal influenza is one of the most well-established types of central nervous system (CNS) development disruptions associated with later risk for psychosis in offspring.
A. True
B. False
True
Is psychosis was 100% heritable, that would suggest that if one monozygotic twin has psychosis, the other twin would definitely have psychosis
True
Which of the following describe the results of meta-analysis on racial disparities in schizophrenia diagnoses in the US?
A. Black individuals were diagnosed at greater rates than White individuals in studies that used structured-interview assessments but not in
studies that used unstructured assessments
B. Black individuals were diagnosed at greater rates than White individuals in studies that used unstructured assessments but not in studies
that used structured-interview assessments
C. Black individuals were diagnosed at greater rates than White individuals across all studies
D. Black individuals and White individuals were diagnoses at equivalent rates across all studies
D. Black individuals were diagnosed at greater rates than white individuals across all studies
Black individuals were how much more or less likely to receive diagnosis of schizophrenia than their white counterparts, according to Obert et al, 2017?
A. About as likely
B. 2.4 times more likely
C. 2.2 times less likely
D. 10 times more likely
B. 2.4 times more likely
Which is true according to Obert et al, 2018?
A. Racial diagnostic disparity in schizophrenia represents a heterogeneous clinical phenomenon that has persisted over the past 30 years
B. Ethnic minorities living in areas with lower proportions of the same-ethnicity individuals show worse psychosis outcomes which is consistent with the ethnic density hypothesis
C. A & B
D. Migrant status is the driving force for implicating differential symptom and diagnosis rates in international migrant studies rather than perceived discrimination, social marginalization, and limited social capital
C. A & B
According to “Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth” by Smith and colleagues, which of the following has been recommended widely as a primary prevention intervention?
A. Typical antipsychotics
B. Atypical antipsychotics
C. Cognitive behavioral therapy
D. Psychodynamic therapy
C. Cognitive behavioral therapy
As discussed in “Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth” by Smith and colleagues, in which of the following ways have racial and ethnic disparities been documented in mental health care?
A. All of the above
B. Psychiatric hospital admission rates
C. Receipt of mental health services
D. Prescription of antipsychotic medication
A. All of the above
Which of the following is an example of how contextual factors could influence symptom ratings in clinical assessments for psychosis risk?
A. Any of the above
B. A person who lives in high crime areas could report higher levels of suspiciousness
C. A person from a racial/ethnic minority group could report higher levels of suspiciousness with a white clinician due to past experiences of racism
D. A person could report higher levels of suspiciousness when working with a clinician who matches the demographics of a person who has traumatized them
A. Any of the above
Which of the following did Smith et al recommend for the field to critically adopt as part of the next grand challenge?
A. All of the above
B. Increase education of the social work workforce on the impact of historical racism and oppression on communities of color
C. Collaboration between social workers and BiPOC clients to increase community involvement and advocacy for racial/ethnic minority clients
D. Additional research on the creation of racially unbiased and culturally sensitive psychosis risk assessment tools
A. All of the above
Which of the following did Smith et al. (in press) recommend for the field to critically adopt as part of the next grand challenge ?
A. All of the above
B. Increase education of the social workforce on the impact of historical racism and oppression of communities of color
C. Collab between social workers and BiPOC clients to increase community involvement and advocacy for racial/ethnic minority clients
D. Additional research on the creation of racially unbiased and culturally sensitive psychosis risk assessment tools
A. All of the above
Where are rates of schizophrenia increased in Western societies?
A. Inner cities
B. Suburban neighborhoods
C. Rural areas
D. Developing nations
A. Inner cities
Which of the following is true regarding the finding from the UK based schizophrenia studies reported in boydell and murray (2003)?
A. All of the above
B. Greater incidence of psychosis in African-Caribbean people
C. Greater incidence of psychosis in people of African origin
D. Greater incidence of psychosis in Asian people
A. All of the above
Which of the following was stated as a possible explanation for differential psychosis-risk based on residential location in boydell and murray (2003)?
A. All of the above
B. Psychosocial stress
C. Infection disease
D. Social isolation
A. All of the above
According to findings by Radua et al, 2018, which two factors showed the most convincing evidence for association with psychotic disorders?
a. Urbanicity and Black-Caribbean ethnicity in England
b. Black-Caribbean ethnicity in England and ultra-high-risk state for psychosis
c. Parental severe mental illness and ultra-high-risk state for psychosis
d. Urbanicity and ultra-high-risk state for psychosi
B. Black-caribbean ethnicity in England and ultra-high-risk state for psychosis
Verse et al, 2012, found that patients with psychosis were about ___ times more likely to have been exposed to childhood adversity than controls.
a. 0.05
b. 0.1
c. 3
d. 1000
C. 3%
Which of the following is not a specific adverse experience examined by Verse et al, 2012?
a. Bullying
b. Physical Abuse
c. Parental Death
d. Poor Health
D. Poor health
Findings from Verse et al, 2012, suggest that entirely removing childhood adverse experiences from the population (assuming causality) would reduce the number of people with psychosis by what percentage?
a. 100%
b. 33%
c. 0%
B. 33%
What was suggested as a fundamental cause of psychosis in some cases in the “From Womb to Neighborhood” article?
a. Hormones
b. Structural Racism
c. COVID-19
d. Brain Structure
B. Structural racism
Which factor was explored the least (hardly at all) in the “From Womb to Neighborhood” article?
a. Neighborhood factors
b. Cumulative trauma and stress
c. Prenatal and perinatal complications
d. Age
D. Age
Which of the following is true reported in Anglin et al, 2021?
a. Discrimination has no impact on psychosis risk
b. Discrimination is associated with lower amygdala activity
c. Discrimination is linked to chronic activation of stress systems
d. Discrimination only affects clinical populations
C. Discrimination is linked to chronic activation of stress systems
According to Radua, what common factor is suggested to be shared by various environmental exposures related to ethnic minority status and urbanicity in their association with psychotic disorders?
a. Genetic alterations
b. Social stress and defeat
c. Hormonal imbalances
d. None of the above
B. Social stress and defeat
What recommendations did the authors of the “From Womb to Neighborhood” article propose to truly adopt an anti-racist framework?
A. All of the above
B. Dismantling structural racism and the social policies and norms it shapes
C. Adjusting healthcare policy
D. Adjusting how to approach early intervention for racially minoritized groups
A. All of the above
Radua et al, 2018, found that very few articles had identified protective factors of psychosis and largely focused on risk factors for psychosis.
A. True
B. False
True
