Lecture Notes Weeks 6-8

Question 1

What are the biggest risk factors for psychosis in England?

Answer 1

Black-Caribbean ethnicity and ultra-high-risk state.

Question 2

How much more likely are patients with psychosis to have been exposed to childhood adversity compared to controls?

Answer 2

About 3 times more likely.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a specific adverse experience examined by Verse et al. (2012)? A. Bullying B. Physical Abuse C. Parental Death D. Poor Health

Answer 3

D. Poor Health

Question 4

What percentage reduction in psychosis cases would occur if childhood adversity was removed from the population (assuming causality)?

Answer 4

33% reduction.

Question 5

What was suggested as a fundamental cause of psychosis in some cases in the ‘From Womb to Neighborhood’ article? A. Hormones B. Structural Racism C. COVID-19

Answer 5

B. Structural Racism.

Question 6

Which factor was least explored in ‘From Womb to Neighborhood’?

Answer 6

D. Age

Question 7

According to Anglin et al. (2021), what is linked to chronic activation of stress systems?

Answer 7

Discrimination.

Question 8

What common factor contributes to psychosis?

Answer 8

Social Stress and Defeat.

Question 9

What recommendation was made in ‘Womb to Neighborhood’?

Answer 9

D. All of the above (various recommendations).

Question 10

According to Radua (2018), what did most studies focus on regarding psychosis?

Answer 10

Risk factors rather than protective factors.

Question 11

What is a key symptom of suspiciousness in psychosis?

Answer 11

Feeling that people are out to get them.

Question 12

What is the first founding theory of schizophrenia?

Answer 12

Dopamine Hypothesis.

Question 13

What neurotransmitter system is implicated in the Dopamine Hypothesis?

Answer 13

Dopamine, particularly D2 receptor hyperactivity in the mesolimbic pathway.

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the Glutamate Hypothesis?

Answer 14

Glutamate, via NMDA receptor hypofunction.

Question 15

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the Serotonin Hypothesis?

Answer 15

Serotonin, with 5-HT2A receptor hyperfunction.

Question 16

What illicit substances can induce psychosis symptoms?

Answer 16

Amphetamines, Cocaine (Dopamine); PCP, Ketamine (Glutamate); LSD, Psilocybin (Serotonin).

Question 17

What is P50 suppression in psychosis?

Answer 17

A test measuring impaired sensory gating through auditory stimuli response.

Question 18

What percentage of incarcerated individuals have psychotic symptoms?

Answer 18

24%.

Question 19

What is a common myth about people with schizophrenia?

Answer 19

They are far more violent than the general population.

Question 20

What percentage of homicides are committed by individuals with psychosis?

Answer 20

5-10%.

Question 21

What is stigma?

Answer 21

A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

Question 22

What are some strategies to reduce stigma?

Answer 22

Interacting with people with mental illness and increasing public education.

Question 23

What is the primary goal of psychosocial interventions for those at risk?

Answer 23

Prevention or delay of psychosis onset, often using CBT.

Question 24

What are the key components of shared decision-making in mental health care?

Answer 24

Involvement of the caregiver, client, and professional in treatment choices.

Question 25

What percentage of high school students in the U.S. have seriously considered suicide?

Answer 25

22%.

Question 26

What is the second leading cause of death for youth aged 10-25 years?

Answer 26

Suicide.

Question 27

Which factors contribute to suicide risk in psychosis?

Answer 27

Perceptual abnormalities, persecutory ideation, and insight paradox.

Question 28

What does the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide include?

Answer 28

Perceived Burdensomeness, Thwarted Belongingness, and Acquired Capability for Suicide.

Question 29

What percentage of people at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis have attempted suicide?

Answer 29

18%.

Question 30

What are common barriers to mental health care utilization (MHCU)?

Answer 30

Stigma, logistical factors, medical mistrust, and personal beliefs about treatment.

Question 31

What does the Mental Health Care Utilization Questionnaire (MHCU-Q) assess?

Answer 31

Utilization, perceptions, availability, barriers, and facilitators to mental health care.

Question 32

Which group is less likely to seek mental health care compared to White participants?

Answer 32

Asian and Black participants.

Question 33

What is a predictor of poor long-term prognosis in schizophrenia?

Answer 33

No precipitating stress before hospitalization, absence of depressive symptoms, and no feelings of guilt.

Question 34

What treatment is recommended in the prodromal phase of psychosis?

Answer 34

Psychotherapy (like CBT) over antipsychotic medication.

Question 35

What is the relationship between psychosis and substance use?

Answer 35

Substance use can exacerbate symptoms despite providing temporary relief.

Question 36

What terminology is preferred for discussing suicide?

Answer 36

Use 'died by suicide' instead of 'committed suicide'.

Question 37

What is the impact of stigma on seeking mental health care?

Answer 37

Leads to lower self-worth, depression, and barriers to accessing treatment.