Week 5

Question 1

what are the cranial bones?

Answer 1

frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone

Question 2

what are the facial bones?

Answer 2

2 nasal bones, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, vomer, mandible

Question 3

what are the bones in the spinal column/thorax?

Answer 3

vertebrae, ribs, scapula, sacrum, sternum, clavicle, coccyx

Question 4

what are the bones in the pelvis?

Answer 4

ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 5

what are the bones in the arm/forearm?

Answer 5

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 6

what are the bones in the leg/thigh?

Answer 6

femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 7

what is the epiphysis?

Answer 7

the epiphysis is the wide section at the end of each long bone filled with spongy bone and red marrow.

Question 8

what is the diaphysis?

Answer 8

the long shaft that runs between the proximal and distal end of a long bone.

Question 9

what is the articular cartilage?

Answer 9

thin layer of cartilage covering the epiphysis that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

Question 10

what is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 10

a plate of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of immature bone, it is replaced by bone tissue as it grows in length.

Question 11

what is the periosteum?

Answer 11

membrane covering the outer surface of the bone and continuous with ligaments.

Question 12

what is the endosteum?

Answer 12

membrane lining of a bones medullary cavity.

Question 13

what is the red marrow?

Answer 13

the area where hematopoiesis takes place, in spongy bone.

Question 14

what is yellow marrow?

Answer 14

it is where fat is stored in the medullary cavity.

Question 15

what is an osteocyte?

Answer 15

primary cell in mature bone, responsible for maintaining the matrix.

Question 16

what is the matrix?

Answer 16

extracellular material produced by the cells in it containing ground substance and fibers.

Question 17

what are osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells?

Answer 17

osteoprogenitor cells are the only bone cells that divide. they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.

Question 18

what are osteoblasts?

Answer 18

cells responsible for forming new bone.

Question 19

what are osteoclasts?

Answer 19

cells responsible for bone resorption. they break down old bone and repair.

Question 20

what is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Answer 20

compact bone is denser and stronger than spongy bone. it is found deep to the periosteum in the diaphysis of long bones. spongy bone however also known as cancellous bone, are not arranged in concentric circles, instead have trabeculae. this makes bone lighter so muscles can move them easier. the spaces also contain red marrow where hematopoiesis occurs.

Question 21

what are perforating canals/volkmann’s canals?

Answer 21

channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum.

Question 22

what are central canals/haversian canals?

Answer 22

channel in the center of each osteon containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

Question 23

what is the matrix?

Answer 23

extracellular material produced by the cells in it containing ground substance and fibers.

Question 24

what is an osteocyte?

Answer 24

primary cell in mature bone responsible for maintaining the matrix. located in lacunae

Question 25

what is the lacunae?

Answer 25

small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that contains the osteocytes/chondrocytes.

Question 26

what are canaliculi?

Answer 26

channels in the bone matrix that house one of an osteocytes many cytoplasmic extension that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients.

Question 27

what are lamellae?

Answer 27

can be concentric, interstitial, and circumferential. concentric rings of calcified matrix that form an osteon.

Question 28

what are trabeculae?

Answer 28

spikes of lattice like matrix in the spongy bone.

Question 29

what does spongy bone have that compact bone doesnt?

Answer 29

trabeculae and bone marrow

Question 30

explain the type of bone: long bone?

Answer 30

cylinder like shape, longer than it is wide, found in femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges, humerus, ulna, radius.

Question 31

explain the type of bone: short bone?

Answer 31

cube like shape, equal in length, width, and thicknessm found in tarsals and carpals.

Question 32

explain the type of bone: flat bone?

Answer 32

thin and curved bone, point of attachment for muscle, protect internal organs, found in sternum, ribs, scapula, cranial bones.

Question 33

explain the type of bone: irregular bone?

Answer 33

complex shape, protects internal organs, found in vertebrae and facial bones.

Question 34

explain the type of bone: sesamoid bone?

Answer 34

small and round, form in tendons that have high pressure, found in patella for everyone but everyone can develop them differently.

Question 35

what is a joint? whats the difference between a fibrous joint and a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 35

a joint is the point at which two bones articulate. if the space between the two bones is filled with cartilage, it is called a cartilaginous joint. an example of this is the costal cartilage between the first rib and sternum. if the space between the two bones is filled with fibrous connective tissue, it is called a fibrous joint. an example of a fibrous joint are the sutures between the flat bones of the skull.

Question 36

describe the vertebrae: vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the processes of the vertebral arch and vertebral foramen.

Answer 36

vertebral body: the body is the anterior portion of each vertebra that supports the body weight.
vertebral arch: formed by the posterior portion of each vertebra and protects the spinal cord.
vertebral foramen: opening associated with each vertebra defined by the vertebral arch that provides passage for the spinal cord.

Question 37

what is intervertebral discs?

Answer 37

sandwiched between two vertebrae and together form the vertebral column. they are shock absorbers and provide protection between vertebrae

Question 38

what are the curves of vertebral column in adults?

Answer 38

4 curvatures:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrococcygeal curvature.