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Anatomy and Physiology I Lab > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue?

A

two or more types of cells working together to perform a specific function. they also share common embryonic origin.

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2
Q

what are the 4 main categories of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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3
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

epithelial tissue are large sheets of cells covering all the surfaces of the body exposed to the outside world and lining the outside of organs and body cavities.

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4
Q

hollow organs and body cavities that are not connected to the exterior of the body are lined by?

A

endothelium, a type of epithelium

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5
Q

what is the structure of epithelial tissue?

A
  • highly cellular with little or no extracellular material present.
  • apical facing surface: facing open space
  • basal surface: close to underlying body structures.
    if cilia is present, it is found on the apical surface
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6
Q

what is the basement membrane?

A

the basement membrane is made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
basal lamina: glycoproteins and collagen

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7
Q

is epithelial tissue vascularized or no?

A

no, epithelial tissue is nearly completely avascular, lacking blood vessels.

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8
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

epithelial tissue provides the body’s first line of protection from physical, chemical, and biological wear and tear.

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9
Q

how can epithelial tissue be classified?

A

shape of cells: squamous, cuboidal, columnar shaped.
number of cell layers: simple, stratified, pseudostratified, and transitional.

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10
Q

what is squamous?

A

flat and thin cells

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11
Q

what is cuboidal?

A

cube shaped, as wide as it is tall

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12
Q

what is columnar?

A

taller than it is wide

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13
Q

what is simple?

A

one layer

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14
Q

what is stratified?

A

two or more layers

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15
Q

what is pseudostratified?

A

one layer but gives the appearance of more than one layer

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16
Q

what is transitional?

A

transitional is a form of stratified epithelium in which the shape of the cells may vary

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17
Q

what is the location and function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

flat one layer
location: alveoli of lungs, lining heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, segments of kidney tubules
function: allows material to pass through diffusion and filtration, secretes lubricating substance

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18
Q

what is the location and function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

cube shaped one layer
location: ducts of glands, kidney tubules
function: secretes and absorbs

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19
Q

what is the location and function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

one layer of column shaped cells
location: ciliated are in bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus and nonciliated are in the digestive tract and bladder
function: absorbs and also secretes mucus and enzymes

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20
Q

what is the location and function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

two or more layers of flat cells
location: lines esophagus, mouth, vagina, skin
function: protects against abrasion

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21
Q

what is the location and function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

two or more layers of cube shaped cells
location: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands
function: protective tissue

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22
Q

what is the location and function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

two or more layers of columnar shaped cells
location: male urethra and ducts of glands
function: secretes and protects

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23
Q

what is the location and function of transitional epithelium?

A

stratified, shape varies
location: lines bladder, urethra, and ureters.
function: allows urinary organs to expand and stretch

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24
Q

what is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • support and connect other tissues
  • protection
  • transport of fluid, nutrients, waste, and chemical messengers
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25
Q

are cells in connective tissue densely packed?

A

unlike epithelial tissue, cells are dispersed in a matrix.

26
Q

whats the major component of the matrix?

A

ground substance and protein fibres.

27
Q

what are the categories of connective tissues?

A

connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

28
Q

what goes under connective tissue proper?

A
  • loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, and reticular
  • dense connective tissue: regular and irregular
29
Q

what goes under supportive connective tissue?

A

cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
bones: compact, cancellous

30
Q

what goes under fluid connective tissue?

A

blood and lymph

31
Q

what are the most abundant cells in connective tissue proper?

A

fibroblasts: secrete protein fiber and matrix

32
Q

what are adipocytes?

A

lipid/fat storage cells

33
Q

what are mesenchymal cells?

A

adult stem cell that differentiate into any type of connective tissue cell needed for the healing of damaged connective tissue.

34
Q

what is a macrophage?

A

large blood cell: essential component of immune system

35
Q

what is a mast cell?

A

releases histamine which causes vasodilation at site of injury or infection, along with itching, swelling, redness

36
Q

what are the 3 main fibers secreted by fibroblasts?

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.

37
Q

what is adipose tissue?

A
  • consists mainly of fat storage cells/adipocytes.
  • contributes to lipid storage and insulation
38
Q

what is areolar tissue?

A

contains all cell types and fibres in a web like fashion.
- surrounds blood/lymph vessels and supports organs in abdominal cavity
- areolar tissue underlies most epithelia

39
Q

what is reticular tissue?

A

mesh like supportive framework for soft organs.

40
Q

dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • fibres are parallel to eachother
  • ligaments and tendons made of dense regular connective tissue but in ligaments not all fibres are parallel
41
Q

dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • the direction of fibres is random
  • dermis of the skin is an example of dense irregular connective tissue
42
Q

what are chondrocytes and where are they?

A

embedded within the cartilage matrix are the chondrocytes, and the space they occupy are called lacunae

43
Q

is cartilaginous tissue vascularized?

A

no, avascular which is why cartilage has slow healing

44
Q

what are the main types of cartilage in the body?

A

hyaline cartilage

45
Q

what is hyaline cartilage?

A
  • most common type of cartilage
  • short dispersed collagen fibres
  • rib cage, nose, embryonic skeleton
46
Q

what is fibrocartilage?

A
  • thick bundles of collagen fibres
  • knee joint, jaw joint, intervertebral discs
47
Q

what is elastic cartilage?

A
  • elastic fibres and collagen
  • ear lobes
48
Q

is bone connective tissue?

A

yes, bone is the hardest connective tissue.
- provides protection to internal organs and supports the body.
- collagen fibres embedded in a ground substance containing hydroxyapatite.

49
Q

without collagen, bones would?

A

be brittle and shatter easily

50
Q

without mineral crystals, bone would?

A

flex and provide little support

51
Q

is bone vascularized?

A

yes bone is highly vascularized, unlike cartilage, bone can recover from injuries in a short amount of time.

52
Q

what are fluid connective tissue types?

A

blood and lymph
- cells circulate in liquid extracellular matrix.
- formed elements circulating in blood are derived from HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW.

53
Q

lymph contains?

A

liquid matrix and white blood cells

54
Q

muscle cells are?

A

excitable: they respond to a stimulus and they are contractile

55
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue

56
Q

skeletal muscle?

A
  • long fibre
  • striated
  • multinucleated
  • voluntary movement
  • attached to bones
57
Q

cardiac muscle?

A
  • short fibre
  • striated
  • mononucleated
  • contracts to pump blood
  • attached to heart walls
58
Q

smooth muscle?

A
  • short fibre
  • no striations
  • mono nucleated
  • involuntary movement
  • walls of major organs
59
Q

what are muscle cells/muscle fibres called?

A

myocytes

60
Q

nervous tissue is?

A

excitable

61
Q

two main classes of cells making up nervous tissue are?

A

neurons and neuroglia

62
Q

what are the parts of a neuron?r

A

cytoplasm, organelles, cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, synapse

Anatomy and Physiology I Lab (8 decks)

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