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Anatomy & Physiology > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

the glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so that they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body

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2
Q

how many endocrine glands are there

A

11

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3
Q

what gland is both endocrine and exocrine

A

pancreas

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4
Q

what is the correct name for the adrenal gland

A

suprerenal

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5
Q

negative feedback of hormones

A

antagonistic hormones. once signalled will stop the flow

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6
Q

an example of a negative feedback loop

A

insulin and glucagon

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7
Q

insulin feedback loop

A

when blood glucose rises insulin is release triggering the uptake of glucose from the blood
BRINGS BLOOD GLUCOSE DOWN

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8
Q

glucagon feedback loop

A

when blood sugar drops, glucagon promotes the release of glucose into the blood
BRINGS BLOOD GLUCOSE UP

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9
Q

what are the antagonistic hormones involved in blood sugar

A

insulin and glucagon

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10
Q

what endocrine cells are in the pancreas

A

islets of Langerhans

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11
Q

alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans produce which hormone

A

glucagon

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12
Q

beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce which hormone

A

insulin

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13
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals that work at a distance and alter the behavior of another member of the same species

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14
Q

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus controls pituitary
pituitary controls all other glands

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15
Q

the pituitary has how many lobes

A

two

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16
Q

how many hormones does the anterior pituitary regulate

A

six

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17
Q

how many hormones does the posterior pituitary regulate

A

two

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18
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland, controlled by the hypothalamus

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19
Q

pineal gland

A

produce the hormone melatonin, primarily at night. Involved in our daily sleep-wake cycle. At night melatonin levels increase making us tired. Melatonin levels are low in the morning
prevents jet lag
coordinates fertility

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20
Q

what gland is affected by light

A

pineal

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21
Q

pineal gland was called what by ancient people

A

third eye

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22
Q

thyroid gland

A

secretes two hormones
thyroxin and calcitonin

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23
Q

thyroxin

A

increases metabolic rates

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24
Q

calcitonin

A

lowers blood calcium levels

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25
Q

what controls the thyroid gland

A

the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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26
Q

parathyroid gland (4)

A

secrete parathyroid hormone, raises blood calcium levels
(by removing calcium from bones)

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27
Q

adrenal glands (suprarenal)

A

cortex and medulla

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28
Q

how many hormones does the adrenal cortex release

A

3

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29
Q

how many hormones does the adrenal medulla release

A

2

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30
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and sex hormones (androgens)

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31
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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32
Q

aldosterone

A

regulate electrolytes in the body

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33
Q

cortisol

A

reacts to body stress (fight or flight). stress management and utilization of macronutrients

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34
Q

androgens

A

sex hormones

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35
Q

adrenaline

A

aka epinephrine
supports body reaction to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels

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36
Q

noradrenaline

A

aka norepinephrine
constriction of blood vessels along with increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels

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37
Q

pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine

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38
Q

testes

A

secrete testosterone and produce sperm

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39
Q

where are sperm produced

A

in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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40
Q

ovary

A

secrete estrogen and progesterone and produce oocytes

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41
Q

hormonal control of the ovaries

A

anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH, ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone

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42
Q

sex hormones cycle

A

hypothalamus releases the GnRH which signals the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH which stimulates the gonads to release the sex hormones

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43
Q

negative feedback loop for thyroid hormone

A

anterior pituitary stimulates TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) causing the thyroid to produce thyroxin and triiodothryonine. when these levels rise, the anterior pituitary stops producing TSH

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44
Q

antagonistic hormones

A

insulin and glucagon
calcitonin and parathyroid

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45
Q

what are the two classes of hormones

A

peptide hormones and steroid hormones

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46
Q

peptide hormones

A

peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, modified amino acids

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47
Q

steroid hormones

A

same complex of four carbon rings with different side chains

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48
Q

chemical composition of hormone (peptide or steroid) determines how it must be administered

A

peptide - injection (insulin)
steroid - oral (birth control)

49
Q

hypothalamus

A

helps regulate the internal environment in two ways.
1. autonomic system - heart beat, blood pressure, hunger, appetite, body temp, water balance
controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland (hypophysis)

50
Q

what is the medical term for pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

51
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
neurons - neurosecretory cells

52
Q

antidiuretic hormone function

A

when blood is too concentrated, ADH is released from posterior pituitary, once arrived at the kidneys ADH causes water to be reabsorbed. Water then dilutes the blood and ADH is no longer released

53
Q

oxytocin hormone function

A

causes uterine contraction during childbirth and milk letdown during nursing
oxytocin is a positive feedback loop. More contractions = more oxytocin released

54
Q

positive feedback defintion

A

mechanism of homeostatic response in which the output of the system intensifies and increases the activity of the system

55
Q

negative feedback defintion

A

the mechanism of the homeostatic response which the output of a system suppresses or inhibits activity of the system

56
Q

how does hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

A

by release hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic inhibiting hormone

57
Q

example of hypothalamic releasing hormone

A

makes anterior pituitary release TSH

58
Q

example of hypothalamic inhibiting hormone

A

inhibits anterior pituitary from releasing prolactin

59
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

stimulates thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4

60
Q

gonadotrophin hormone (LH, FSH)

A

stimulates the gonads, testes in males and ovaries in females
produce gametes and sex hormones

61
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

62
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

produced in quantity only during pregnancy and after childbirth. It causes the mammary glands in the breasts to develop and produce milk and suppress ovulation for a time in the nursing mother

63
Q

growth hormone or somatotropin hormone (GH)

A

promotes skeletal and muscular growth, cell division and protein synthesis

64
Q

melanocyte - stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

unknown function in humans, regulates skin color in lower vertebrates. MSH causes color changes in many fishes, amphibians, and reptiles

65
Q

MSH concentration in humans

A

low

66
Q

what hormones produced in the anterior pituitary have effects on other glands

A

TSH, ACTH, and LH/FSH

67
Q

thyroid gland

A

large gland located in the neck region, attached to trachea below the larynx
triiodothyronine (T3) contains three iodine atoms
thyroxine (T4) contains four iodine atoms

68
Q

what does the thyroid gland need to do to produce T3 and T4

A

acquire iodine from the blood

69
Q

ratio of concentration for iodine to blood ratio

A

25 to 1 in thyroid to blood

70
Q

what is the primary source of iodine in the diet

A

iodized salt

71
Q

what is the function of T3 and T4

A

increase metabolic rate
no single target but stimulate cells in the body to metabolize more glucose and utilize more energy

72
Q

parathyroid glands

A

embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

73
Q

parathyroid hormone function

A

blood phosphate level to decrease and blood calcium levels to increase
promotes activity of osteoclasts
promotes reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys where it helps activate vitamin D
vit D stimulates absorption of calcium in the intestines bringing blood calcium back to normal
when blood calcium is back to normal, release of PTH stops

74
Q

adrenal glands

A

sit on top of the kidneys
two portions - cortex and medulla

75
Q

adrenal medulla control

A

under nervous control

76
Q

adrenal cortex control

A

ACTH from the anterior pituitary

77
Q

stress stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate a portion of which gland

A

adrenals

78
Q

adrenal medulla function

A

hypothalamus releases nerve impulse that travels by the brain stem and sympathetic fibers to the adrenal medulla which then secretes its hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
fight or flight
short term response to stress

79
Q

adrenal cortex function

A

long term response to stress
two major hormones produced are mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

80
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

regulate salt and water balance
aldosterone - most abundant
aldosterone targets kidney to promote renal absorption of Na and renal excretion of K (regulates blood volume and blood pressure)

81
Q

does the anterior pituitary control the secretion of mineralocorticoids

A

no

82
Q

when blood sodium levels and BP are low what does the kidney secrete

A

renin

83
Q

what if the function of renin

A

an enzyme that converts plasma protein into angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is changed to angiotensin II by a converting enzyme found in the capillaries

84
Q

what is the function of angiotensin II

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

85
Q

what is the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

raise blood pressure in two ways
1. angiotensin II constricts arterioles
2. aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium

86
Q

what happens when blood sodium levels rise

A

BP increases back to normal
-in part due to the release of ADH by the hypothalamus

87
Q

how else does the blood pressure regulate (not hypothalamus)

A

atria of heart are stretched due to increase in blood volume. cardiac cells release atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) which inhibits the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

88
Q

what is the function of ANH

A

to cause excretion of natriuresis. Sodium is excreted therefore so is water and blood pressure lowers

89
Q

glucocorticoids

A

ACTH stimulate the portion of the adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids
-cortisol most significant

90
Q

function of cortisol

A

raises the blood glucose level in two ways
1. promotes breakdown of muscle proteins into amino acids which are taken up from the bloodstream and converted into glucose by the liver
2. cortisol promotes the metabolism of fatty acids rather than carbohydrates so it spares glucose

91
Q

what is cortisone

A

a medication often administered for inflammation, can be a suppressor that affects the bodies natural tendency to fight infection and inflammation. More susceptible to injury and infection

92
Q

pancreas

A

long organ that lies in abdomen between kidneys near the duodenum of small intestine

93
Q

two types of tissue in the pancreas

A

endocrine and exocrine

94
Q

exocrine function of pancreas

A

produces and secretes digestive juices by ducts to the small intestine

95
Q

endocrine function of pancreas

A

produce insulin and glucagon

96
Q

delta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce what

A

somatostatin
(growth hormone inhibitor)

97
Q

pancreatic islets are also called what

A

islets of Langerhans

98
Q

when is insulin usually secreted

A

right after eating

99
Q

insulin function and secretion

A

stimulates uptake of glucose by cells (usually liver, muscle, and adipose)
liver and muscle store glucose as glycogen

100
Q

the breakdown of glucose in muscle cells

A

supplies energy for protein metabolism

101
Q

the breakdown of glucose in fat cells

A

supplies glycerol for the formation of fat

102
Q

when is glucagon usually secreted

A

before eating when blood glucose is low

103
Q

glucagon function

A

liver and adipose are main targets
glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose

104
Q

somatostatin function

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone
inhibits growth hormone as well as inhibits insulin and glucagon

105
Q

the effect of somatostatin on the digestive tract

A

to decrease the absorption of nutrients

106
Q

testosterone

A

increases in males at the time of puberty

107
Q

what is a side effect of testosterone in males

A

baldness

108
Q

thymus gland

A

lobular shaped beneath the sternum
largest and most active during childhood
with age organ gets smaller and becomes fat tissue
lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow pass through the thymus and differentiate into T lymphocytes
secrete thymosin

109
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

condition caused by lack of antidiuretic hormone; characterized by excessive third and over production of urine

110
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

condition caused by an insulin imbalance in the body

111
Q

type I diabetes

A

not enough insulin production

112
Q

type II diabetes

A

caused by the body (specifically adipose tissue) not responding to insulin in the blood

113
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

too little growth hormone produced during childhood
small stature, body parts in normal proportions

114
Q

gigantism

A

condition caused when too much growth hormone is produced during childhood

115
Q

acromegaly

A

an overproduction of growth hormone as an adult

116
Q

cushing syndrome

A

overproduction of ACTH resulting in too much cortisol in the body

117
Q

hypothyroidism

A

under secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland
weight gain, lethargic behavior, depression

118
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

over secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland
hyperactivity, nervousness, insomnia

119
Q

grave disease

A

over production of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland causes antibodies that interact with TSH receptors in the thyroid gland
autoimmune hyperthyroidism

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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