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Anatomy & Physiology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system

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2
Q

neuroglia

A

support and nourish neurons, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and may aid in signal transmission

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3
Q

axon

A

carry impulses away from the body

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4
Q

dendrites

A

carry impulses toward the body

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5
Q

cell body

A

contains the nucleus, from which axons and dendrites extend

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6
Q

sensory neuron

A

takes nerve impulses from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord

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7
Q

motor neurons

A

take nerve impulses from the spinal cord to an effector, such as the muscles or skin

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8
Q

interneurons

A

lie completely within the spinal cord, transmit impulses from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron. Some interneurons have long fibers and transmit nerve impulses to and from the brain

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9
Q

microglia

A

engulf bacteria and cellular debris

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10
Q

astrocytes

A

provide nutrients and produce a hormone called glia (though to prevent parkinson’s)

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11
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form the myelin sheath in CNS

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12
Q

ependymal cells

A

lines the fluid-filled space in the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

myelin sheath

A

protective fatty covering surrounding the axons of nerve cells

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14
Q

Schwann cell

A

cell that form the myelin sheath in the PNS

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15
Q

node of Ranvier

A

gaps in axon where there is no myelin sheath

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16
Q

Gray matter

A

a central, butterfly shaped area of the spinal cord composed of masses of short nerve fibers

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17
Q

white matter

A

masses of long fibers that lie outside the gray matter that carry impulses up and down the spinal cord. Appears white because an insulating myelin sheath surrounds the long nerve fibers

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18
Q

tracts

A

white matter in bundles

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19
Q

nerve impulse

A

convey information from one nerve cell to another nerve cell

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20
Q

resting potential

A

membrane potential of an inactive neuron, the axon is not conducting an impulse

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21
Q

action potential

A

electrochemical changes that take place across the axon membrane; the nerve impulse

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22
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, important in the function of nerve and muscle cells in animals

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23
Q

refractory period

A

the period after an action potential where a neuron is unable to conduct another nerve impulse

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24
Q

synapse

A

junction between neurons consisting of a presynaptic (axon) membrane, the synaptic cleft, and the post synaptic (usually dendrite) membrane

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25
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small gap between presynaptic and post synaptic cells of a synapse

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26
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brain
31pairs of spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord

28
Q

organization of the nervous system

A

brain + spinal cord = CNS
cranial nerves + spinal nerves = PNS

29
Q

what do spinal nerves give rise to

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

30
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control

A

skeletal muscle

31
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

32
Q

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

33
Q

sympathetic division of ANS

A

active when under stress, fight or flight, use norepinephrine as neurotransmitter

34
Q

parasympathetic division of ANS

A

rest and digest, active under normal conditions. Use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter

35
Q

cerebrum

A

most developed part of the brain that is responsible for higher mental capabilities. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and four lobes

36
Q

corpus callosum

A

a broad sheet of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

37
Q

frontal lobe

A

controls motor functions and permits vocabulary muscle control, responsible for abilities to think, speak, problem solve, and smell

38
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives information from sensory receptors located in the skin and also taste receptors in the mouth

39
Q

central sulcus

A

a groove that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

40
Q

occipital lobe

A

interprets visual input and combines visual images with other sensory experieneces

41
Q

temporal lobe

A

have sensory areas for hearing and smelling

42
Q

four ventricles

A

interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as a reservoir for CSF which cushions the brain. There are two lateral ventricles, a third ventricle, and a fourth ventricle

43
Q

diencephalon

A

portion of the brain when the third ventricle is located. Parts of the brain called the thalamus and hypothalamus are located here

44
Q

thalamus

A

two connected lobes in the roof of the third ventricle. It is called the gatekeeper because it is believed to control which received impulses are passed on to the cerebrum

45
Q

hypothalamus

A

forms the floor of the third ventricle and contains control centers for appetite, body temp, blood pressure, and water balance. Its primary function is homeostasis. It also has centers for pleasure, reproductive behavior, hostility, and pain

46
Q

cerebellum

A

located posterior to the cerebrum, consisting of two lobes that resembles a butterfly. It coordinates equilibrium and motor activity to produce smooth movements

47
Q

brain stem (3 parts)

A

part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord. It consist of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

48
Q

midbrain

A

anterior to the pons and serves as a relay station for sensory input and motor output. It also contains a reflex center for eye muscles

49
Q

pons

A

the ventral, budlike enlargement of the brain stem. It serves as a passageway for nerve impulses running between the medulla and the higher regions of the brain

50
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the most posterior part of the brain. It controls internal organs; for example blood pressure, cardiac and breathing control centers are present here. Nerve impulses pass from the spinal cord through the medulla to and from higher brain regions

51
Q

Cranial nerve I (oflactory)

A

smelling

52
Q

Cranial nerve II (optic)

A

the eye, vision, seeing

53
Q

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

A

the eye, raising the eyelids

54
Q

Cranial nerve IV (trochlear)

A

eye

55
Q

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

A

the mouth and jaw, chewing food. facial muscles

56
Q

Cranial nerve VI (abducens)

A

eye muscles

57
Q

Cranial nerve VII (facial)

A

taste buds and facial muscles, smiling, secretion of saliva, tasting

58
Q

Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear)

A

ear

59
Q

Cranial nerve IX (glosopharyngeal)

A

pharynx (windpipe), swallowing

60
Q

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

A

the internal organs, slows the heart, increases motility of digestive tract

61
Q

Cranial nerve XI (accesory)

A

SCM and traps - shrugging

62
Q

Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)

A

tongue

63
Q

cervical nerves

A

first 8 pairs

64
Q

thoracic nerve

A

next 12 pairs

65
Q

lumbar nerves

A

5 pairs

66
Q

sacral nerves

A

5 pairs, fused

67
Q

coccygeal nerve

A

3-5 pairs, fused

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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