Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Media

A
  • Media = any form of communication that targets a mass audience
  • Traditional forms (print, radio, TV, movies)
  • New/emerging forms (computer technology)
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2
Q

Patterns of media use

A
  • Simulmedia, using more than one form of media simultaneously
  • Patterns of media use may vary across age groups
  • Our media use is extensive
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3
Q

Impact of media

A
  • Power is the ability to define and teach in contemporary society
  • Defines boundaries between groups + communities within them, affecting our understanding of us vs. them
  • Defines social problems and shapes public debates
  • Within the media we see morality and ethics in action ( can b positive or negative)
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4
Q

Studying the media

A
  1. Administrative research
    - Analyzes individuals who constitute the audience and the effects of media messages
    - Objective + positivist theory foundation
  2. Critical research
    - Analyzes processes of social control, structures of power and the relationship between media and other aspects of society
    - Subjective + interpretive/critical theories
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5
Q

Administrative research

A
  • Controls the mind
  • Media can affect individuals thoughts and feelings + behaviours
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6
Q

Advertising

A
  • Permeates all forms of media
  • Has an impact, it persuades people
  • Virtual product placement
  • Correlation studies and experiments
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7
Q

Violence in the media

A
  • Small but statistically significant relationship between media violence and different types of aggression
  • Correlational research… on average ppl who consume more media violence tend to be more aggressive
  • Experimental research… causation, in the short term, exposure to media violence has several effects including lower levels of empathy, greater acceptance of aggression as a legitimate means of resolving problems and higher levels of aggressive behaviour
  • May effect certain ppl more than others
  • We may be desensitized to it
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8
Q

Critical research

A
  • Controls the culture
  • Studies medias relationship to the broader society
  • Media has symbolic power + intertwined with all 5 levels of social constructionism (individual, interpersonal, institutional, sociocultural and global)
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9
Q

Media frames society

A
  • Framing refers to the overall way that an issue is depicted in the media and therefore what we notice abt reality
  • Media frame individuals, social issues, health conditions and social groups
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10
Q

Framing social groups

A
  • Social typing process
  • Racism in TV (cartoons)
  • Micro level, media portrayals can affect peoples identities
  • Macro level, media representations impact discussion of social issues and the social policies that emerge from those discussions (reproduces social inequality)
  • Linked to hegemony
  • Implications are important to the social construction of deviance and normality
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11
Q

Media ownership

A
  • Media content is intertwined with the structure of media ownership
  • Convergence… media companies owning multiple forms of media
  • Conglomeration… trend toward media companies merging or buying other companies to form large conglomerates
    = Concentration… small number of corporations control most media products
  • ‘Corporate empires control every means by which they population learns of its society’
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12
Q

Media-deviance nexus

A
  • Multifaced
  • 5 different relationships exist:
    1. The media as a cause of deviance
    2. The media as socially constructing deviance and normality
    3. The media as a tool used to commit acts of deviance
    4. The media as a site where the deviance dance is played out (a side of debate, struggle and resistance)
    5. The media as deviantized itself and subjected to measures of social control
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13
Q

The media as a cause of deviance

A
  • Administrative approach
  • Specific media messages may propel certain individuals into various forms of deviant behaviour
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14
Q

The media as constructs deviance and normality

A
  • Critical approach
  • The media socially construct deviance and normality, shaping the dominant moral codes that govern what is perceived as acceptable and unacceptable behaviour, characteristics and people
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15
Q

Using media for deviance

A
  • Cyberdeviance
  • Cybercrime: phishing (for bank passwords, SIN #’s, etc.), hacking (cyberterrorism, cyberwarfare), hacking activism (hacktivism)
  • Digital piracy: low-consensus form of deviance (ppl don’t rly consider it in need of social control), microdeviations, social learning theory + self-control theory to explain digital piracy
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16
Q

the media and the deviance dance

A
  • Media serves as a social typer of deviance… the way it frames things shows us who should be considered deviant, something deviant in mainstream will still have differing points of view and resistance
  • The multi-faced nature of the media means that the deviance dance is inherent to it… clearest way we can see is that the media can be used as a tool to exert social control on deviant acts
  • Debates online (politics), resistance for oppression (hashtag activism)
  • Social media thought of as a democratic form of media, cuz anyone who has computer access can establish a presence (good for marginalized ppl to have their voices heard)
17
Q

Deviantizing the media

A
  • Media products themselves can be socially typed as deviant and are subject to social control (e.g. censorship, regulation thru policy)
  • Informal social controls as well (e.g. parents controlling kids)
  • Youth media deviantized cuz of presumed effects on youth, or cuz of the association w a group of youth who are considered troublesome
  • Not rly about the youth themselves, more about the fear of technological change in parts of the adult world
18
Q

Censorship

A
  • Not printing certain stories, denying full story, denying freedom of speech
  • We struggle to see it in our own experiences (but see it in Nazi Germany e.g.)
  • Canadians ban books, White House influences media, Canadian bill c-10 (broadcasting laws for the liberals to regulate social media
  • Why? Ppl don’t need to hear everything, it upsets normal people, who tf gets to decide
19
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • Necessary illusions… believes there is too little inquiry, citizens should protect themselves from manipulation and control
  • Manufacturing consent… corporate-owned mass communication media are businesses and they cannot afford to upset the government or ppl in power cuz they’d lose business, so print what they’re told
20
Q

Echo-chambers & Algorithms

A
  • Social media platforms are under scrutiny for their role in spreading divisive messages and potentially fueling offline violence.
  • Debate is whether these platforms are the primary cause or simply reflect real-world tensions
  • Algorithmic amplification (certain online content becomes popular at expense of others) is an issue cuz they think it pushes users toward extreme content
  • Recommendation algorithms create filter bubbles and echo chambers by reinforcing existing beliefs, limiting exposure to certain views and pushing extreme content
  • Longer someone interacts w a filter bubble, it aligns user behaviour with algorithms, creating homogenous online communities
  • Researchers are exploring ways to introduce diversity, serendipity, and novelty into recommendations, called exploration, to provide users with a broader range of choices and break the feedback loop in recommendation algorithms.
21
Q

Moral entrepreneurs

A
  • Powerful ppl + institutions
  • Government; scientists, religious, media, commercial
  • Manufacture public morality
22
Q

Social power

A
  • Influence and press the adoption of social norms (formal and informal)
  • Take lead in labelling behaviour/actors as deviant or not
  • Altruistic or selfish reasons (might have specific goals)
  • Becker… New norms automatically create an ‘outsider’ group and empower a moral entrepreneur to step in to socially control
23
Q

Key points

A
  • It is important to study media because of the time spent using it, and its impacts
  • Administrative research highlights the effects of media messages on individuals
  • Critical research studies the social construction of events, issues and identities within the media
  • The media-deviance nexus is characterized by 5 types of relationships