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Psychology 100 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Ramón y Cajal conclude

A

that discrete individual neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system

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2
Q

What does the Nissl stain label

A

The main part of the cell

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3
Q

What does the Golgi stain, stain?

A

only stains approximately 1–2% of neurons, this allows the interpreter to distinguish between one cell from another

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4
Q

Resting Membrane Potential?

A

describes what occurs in a neuron at rest, when it is theoretically not receiving or sending signals

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5
Q

what are the similarities between intracellular, and extracellular, resting membrane potential?

A

both fluids are composed of ions (electrically charged molecules). this composition is made of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-) and anions (A-)

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6
Q

Are cations positively charged ions or negative

A

positive

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7
Q

Are anions positively charged ions or negative

A

negative

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8
Q

how many neurons in the brain approx.?

A

100 billion

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9
Q

what are the 3 main components of a neuron

A

dendrites, somas, axons

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10
Q

What does a dendrite look like and what does it do

A

stems out of the soma, and norm. branches out several times. receives info from other neurons, main source of input for the neuron

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11
Q

What does the soma contain and do

A

contains the nucleus and supports the chemical balancing of the neuron

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12
Q

what does the nucleus do

A

contains genetic info, directs protein synthesis, supllies the energy and the resources the neuron needs to function

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13
Q

what does axon look like and do

A

stems away from the soma, carries important signal called the action potential to other neurons

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14
Q

What are axons covered in

A

myelin sheath

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15
Q

What is the myelin sheath purpose

A

allows the signal and communication of one neuron to travel quickly to another neuron.

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16
Q

What are nodes of ranvier and how does it interact with action potential

A

gaps in the myelin sheath, action potentil jumps from node to node

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17
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

when the action potential jumps from node to node of the nodes of ranvier in the myelin sheath

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18
Q

Where is the terminal button located

A

at the end of an axon, it forms synapses with spines/protrusions on the dendrites of other neurons

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19
Q

What are synapses. Where do they form

A

where the axon comes in contact with a dendrite of another neuron. form between the presynaptic terminal button and the postsynaptic membrane

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20
Q

What is the synaptic gap?

A

tiny space between presynaptic terminal button and the postsynaptic dendritic spine.

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21
Q

what do neurotransmitters do and from where do they do it

A

carry chemical messages. they leave the presynaptic terminal button, travel thru the synaptic gap, and activate ion channels on the postsynaptic spine

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22
Q

3 diff types of neurons

A

motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons

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23
Q

what do motor neurons do?

A

are about initiating and allowing actions and behavior

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24
Q

sensory neurons?

A

are about our personal experiences and how we receive info from the world around us

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25
Q

interneurons

A

process the info around us: takes info from the sensory neurons, processes it to come up with the appropriate response, and then conveys the message to the motor neurons to act upon it

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26
Q

what are unipolar neurons made up of?

A

one axon, no dendrites

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27
Q

what do unipolar neurons do?

A

involved with transmission of physiological information from the body’s periphery such as communicating body temperature through the spinal cord up to the brain

28
Q

what are bipolar neurons made up of

A

one axon and one dendrite

29
Q

what do bipolar neurons do?

A

invovled in sensory perception, such as perception of light in the retina of they eye

30
Q

what are multipolar neurons made up of

A

one axon and many dendrites, so as to be able to communicate with many neurons

31
Q

what do multipolar neurons do

A

communicate sensory and motor information in the brain, and they’re the most common neuron

32
Q

What do Oligodendroglia cells do

A

wrap their dendritic processes around the axons of neurons many times to form the myelin sheath.

33
Q

whats a difference between glia cells and neurons

A

glia cells dont participate in communication between cells the same way neurons do

34
Q

what is the cell membrane made of

A

a lipid bilayer of fat molecules

35
Q

What is diffusion

A

the force on molecules to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

36
Q

What is electrostatic pressure?

A

the force on 2 ions with similar charge to repel each other and the force of 2 ions with opposite charge to attract to one another (opposites attract)

37
Q

What is electrostatic pressure?

A

the force on 2 ions with similar charge to repel each other and the force of 2 ions with opposite charge to attract to one another (opposites attract)

38
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

the voltage at which no ions flow

39
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

The voltage inside the cell relative to the voltage outside the cell while the cell is a rest. approx -70mV

40
Q

What can be explained by all-or-nothing theory?

A

action potential, it either happens or it doesnt

41
Q

What is the threshold of excitation

A

specific membrane potential that the neuron must reach to initiate an action potential. If it’s reached then action potential occurs

42
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

ion channels that opens to allow ions to permeate the cell membrane under specific conditions, such as the presence of a neurotransmitter or a specific membrane potential

43
Q

communications within a neuron is what

A

electrical

44
Q

communications between neurons is what

A

chemical

45
Q

what do hormones affect

A

behaviour

46
Q

what are hormones and what do they do?

A

an organic chemical messenger released from endocrine cells that travels through the blood to interact with target cells at some distance to cause a biological response

47
Q

What are endocrine glands purpose

A

to release hormones into the blood system in response to specific biological signals

48
Q

What are hormones that influence behaviour?

A

steroid hormones such as testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol

49
Q

What do estradiol and testosterone cause to gametes?

A

maturation of eggs or sperm and promote mating behaviour

50
Q

Neuroendocrinology

A

the study of how the nervous system and the endocrine system are interrelated

51
Q

What are target cells?

A

a cell that has receptors for a specfic chemical messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter)

52
Q

What are the 3 interacting components in humans for internal systems of the brain

A

sensory/input systems, integrators/central nervous system, output/effectors systems (like muscles)

53
Q

Gonadal sex

A

The sex of an individual as determined by the possession of either ovaries or testes. Females have ovaries, whereas males have testes.

54
Q

Chromosomal sex

A

The sex of an individual as determined by the sex chromosomes (typically XX or XY) received at the time of fertilization.

55
Q

What are aggressive behaviours organized by

A

androgens

56
Q

What are parental behaviours?

A

Behaviors performed in relation to one’s offspring that contributes directly to the survival of those offspring

57
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A primary progestin that is involved in pregnancy and mating behaviors

58
Q

What happens when a target cell is activated by a hormone

A

proteins activate or deactivate other genes

59
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

the study of how drugs affect the brain and behavior — a relatively new science

60
Q

at a basic level, what will a drug do to you

A

alter how neurons communicate with each other

61
Q

What are agonists?

A

a drug that increases or enhances a neurotransmitters effect

62
Q

antagonists

A

a drug that blocks a neurotransmiters effect

63
Q

What is ADME

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

64
Q

What is metabolism

A

breakdown of substances (such as psychoactive drugs) happens primarily in the liver

65
Q

What is enzyme induction?

A

an increase in the enzymes produced in the liver

Psychology 100 (20 decks)

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