Week 5 Flashcards
what does qualitative research focus on (2)
- seeks to develop an understanding of phenomena (i.e. human experience)
- focused on meaning (i.e. how do people make sense of their lives & experiences)
what paradigm is used in qualitative research? what does this paradigm believe
- constructivist –> believes that there are multiple realities, co-create reality
what do qualitative research questions focus on
- how?
- why?
what data is used in qualitative research (2)
- words
- images
describe the research designs used in qualitative research
- flexible –> depends on participants & community interviewing, more grounded in real world
describe the philosophical perspective in quant vs qual research
- quant: one reality that can be objectively viewed by the researcher
- qual: multiple realities that are subjective, occurring within the context of the situation
describe the type of reasoning used in quant vs qual research
- quant: primarily deductive –> based on theory/framework to deduce how people will response
- qual: primarily inductive –> get different experiences which create a theory/framework
describe the role of the researcher in quant vs qual researcher
- quant: controlled & structured
- qual: participative and ongoing
describe the strategies used in qualitative research (3)
- naturalistic, allows situations to unfold without interference
- analysis of words to identify themes
- smaller numbers of participants
describe the strategies used to quantitative research (3)
- control & manipulation of situations (IV, DV)
- analysis of numbers w statistical tests
- larger number of subjects
how does qualitative research (QLR) contribute towards clinical decision-making (2)
- helps us understand clinical phenomenon arising from experiences and values of pts
- there is value in merging QT and QLR evidence to optimize clinical outcomes
describe the relevancy of QL knowledge to clinical practice (3)
- can provide theoretical basis for interventions (pts preferences, values, beliefs)
- can promote awareness of other vantage points of experiences –> change clinicans & policy makers perspectives, feelings, and behavior toward clients
- promote advocacy
when to use a QL approach depends on: (4)
- the nature & type of the research question
- the epistemological stance of the researcher
- the skills & training of the researcher
- the resources available for the researcher project (QL “expensive” in time
list some characteristics of QLR (9)
- emergent designs
- natural setting
- researcher as key instrument
- mutliple sources of data & reality
- inductive data analysis
- participants’ meanings
- reflexivity (reflect on own experience & how it could influence the data ur interpreting, how asking questions, etc.)
- holistic accounts (want to understand as a whole)
- non-experimental exploration of phenomena as it exists in the real world –> no IV or DV and no manipulation
what are the differences across qualitative designs (4)
- lenses used to view experiences
- experiences studied for different
- use of different jargon & writing
- differences also exists within QL research designs
which QL research design to use depends on (4)
- research Q
- nature of phenomenom
- theoritical approach using
- which discipline
what is imp to note w QLR designs
- the designs evolve/change as our world evolves & over time,
- they are not static
what are 3 examples of qualitative research designs
- phenomenology
- grounded theory
- ethnography
what does phenomneology focus on (3)
- focuses on understanding the lived experiences of humans
- understanding their meaning in their everyday lives
- focus on a specific phenomenom
phenomenology includes what assumption?
- there is an essence (meaning structure) to everything
what has to occur w phenomenology designs?
- has to happen in the world in which people live
ex. their homes, communities, care facilities where phenomenom occurs
how is data collected w a phenomenology design
- in-depth interviews
- usually a small sample
describe analysis in phenomenology
- range from looking for key themes or straightforward descriptions
- to a higher lvl of interpretations
what is the goal of phenomenology
- seek understanding and interpretation of human experiences NOT explain it
- no theory generation
what does ethnography focus on (2)
- focuses on studying, describing, & interpreting the culture or cultural behavior of a group of people (not just ethnocultural, any group of people w a shared behavior, values, or beliefs)
- tries to understand group meanings, patterns, and experiences
who is the instrument in ethnography
- researcher as an instrument –> often immerse themselves in the culture
what is an emic perspective r/t ehtnography (3)
- insider’s view attained thru immersing themselves in culture
- backstage view
- what the ethnographer strives to achieve
what is an etic perspective r/t ethnography (2)
- outsider’s interpretation
- audience view
what are 3 broad types of info collected in ehtnography
- cultural behavior
- cultural artifacts (art, homes, social structures, tools)
- cultural speech
how is data collected in ehtnography (4)
- observations
- in-depth interviews
- records
- physical (ex. artifacts)
describe particpant observation r/t ethnography
- involves making observations of a community while participating in activities –> not just watching
- the researcher often does this
describe key informants r/t ethnography
- key informants are participants who are v knowledge about the culture
what does grounded theory focus on (3)
- aims to develop theories about social processes that are grounded in real-world observations, interviews
- focuses on “how”
- systematic method of QLR
describe data collection, analysis, and sampling in grounded theory
- occurs simultaneously
what is used to collect data in grounded theory
- in-depth interviews
- usually larger sample size due to theoretical sampling
describe data analysis in grounded theory
- uses constant comparison, where categories elicited from the data are constantly compared w data obtained earlier in the research for commonalities and variations
in grounded theory, data is collected until?
- until theoretical saturation is achieved (not seeing any new data) and the theory is fullt described by the data
the final grounded theory describes…
- processes by which people move thru experienced or time (stages or phases)
what are some other examples of QL methodologies (5)
- narrative analysis
- participatory action research
- case study
- historical research
- interpretive description
who pioneered interpretive description
- canadian nursing leader, Dr. Sally Thorne
what is interpretive description (4)
- acknowledges the constructed and contextual nature of much of the health-illness experience, yet also allows for shared realities
- developed as nursing became less reliant on methodology derived from other fields
- nursing driven methodology that focuses on understanding what’s happening in healthcare (does not focus on theory, processes, diving deep into lived experiences, cultural beliefs/values, etc.)
- describing a phenomena in healthcare at a superficial lvl
describe sampling r/t interpretive description
- typically uses theoretical sampling to gain variation in perspectives based on the themes emerging from the analysis
describe how data is collected in interpretive description (4)
- not only interviews & observations
- also media
- case reports
- clinical reports
describe data analysis in interpretic description (3)
- uses inductive analysis
- recommends immersion in the data before coding & identifying linkages between themes
- the individual experiences must still be apparent in the final analysis
what is the end result of interpretive description
- clinical knowledge that can be applied to a practice science, such as nursig
what is a mixed method (3)
- combines or associates both QL and QT forms
- more than simply collecting 2 types of data, must be an intentional combining
- merges the data, and results are interpreted from both data sets
a researcher asks the question, “what is the essence of men’s experiences of chemo for prostate cancer?”. this is an example of which QLR design?
- phenomenology
the title “the beliefs and behaviors of newly immigrated African-Canadian women regarding breast self-examination” employs which QLR method?
- ethnography
what is the aim of a grounded theory study?
- to develop theories that are grounded in real-world observations
