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NURS 3550 - Research > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of evidence

A
  • a testimony of facts tending to confirm or disprove any conclusions, or something that furnishes verification
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2
Q

what 4 concepts are related to evidence

A
  • health policy
  • health care economics
  • technology & informatics
  • safety
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3
Q

describe the relationship between health policy and evidence

A
  • evidence informs health policy

- however, health policy is not always driven by evidence: ex. resources, politics

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4
Q

describe the relationship between health care economics and evidence

A
  • may have good evidence about the best way to provide care but poor economics prevent that = moral distress
  • we want evidence to drive economics (suggest where funding should be, how can we provide care most cost-effectively, etc.)
  • economics may impact evidence by impacting the way research is done
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5
Q

describe the relationship between evidence and safety

A
  • very important
  • need to consider outcomes and adverse effects w research studies
  • evidence shows us how to provide safe care
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6
Q

describe the relationship between evidence & technology and informatics

A
  • technology influences how we use evidence

- when providing care we collect info, evidence delves into that info collected

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7
Q

describe the hierarchy of scientific evidence

A
  • not all evidence produced is of equal quality
  • hierarchy outlines the quality of different types of research and how much trust can be placed in the results of various types of research
  • top = subject to less bias due to more control of independent variables
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8
Q

what type of knowledge is nursing practice based on? (4)

A
  • tradition and authority
  • clinical experience and intuition
  • trial and error
  • disciplined research
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9
Q

what needs to be considered w tradition and clinical experience

A
  • they can have some truth, but they need to be tested thru conventional lens
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10
Q

describe the role of intuition on nursing practice

A
  • still important but do not standardize care based on “gut”
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11
Q

describe the role of disciplined research in nursing care

A
  • provides a specialized body of knowledge for use in delivery of health care
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12
Q

what is the best method of acquiring reliable knowledge on which to base a clinical practice

A
  • disciplined research
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13
Q

define evidence informed practice

A
  • a problem solving approach to practice that integrates research evidence w clinical expertise, local data & resources, and pt preference and values
  • considers the whole scenario
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14
Q

define evidence-based practice

A
  • the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual pts
  • it means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research
  • does not consider pt preferences and values
  • main focus is what the research says
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15
Q

what are exemplars of EIP (5)

A
  • kangaroo care
  • dressing change frequency
  • ambulation after surgery or labor
  • decision making in treatment choices
  • central line care
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16
Q

what are the 4 key elements of the EIP definition when adapted for nursing

A
  • best available evidence from research
  • clinical expertise
  • pt preferences and values
  • local data & resources
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17
Q

why is EIP significant to clinical decision making (4)

A
  • only half of US citizens receive recommended care based on practice guidelines
  • outcomes improve when clinical care is based on research
  • large regional variations in practices –> what works in 1 setting may not work in the next
  • rapid development of knowledge but slow adoption of EBP –> takes a long time for evidence to be incorporated into practice (15-17 years)
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18
Q

list important people in the history of EBP (3)

A
  • florence nightingale
  • James Lind
  • Archie Cochrane
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19
Q

describe the contribution of Florence Nightingale to EBP

A
  • one of the 1st people to collect data

- advanced the idea of supporting health care decisions based on evidence

20
Q

describe James Lind’s contributions to EBP

A
  • conducted the first randomized controlled trial to discover the effectiveness of vitamin C for scurvy
  • recognized the need to appraise and synthesize all trials
21
Q

describe Archie Cochrane’s contribution to EBP (2)

A
  • called for critical summaries of evidence
  • “one should be delightfully surprised when any treatment at all is effective, and always assume that a treatment is ineffective unless there is evidence to the contrary” –> belief that treatment is ineffective until proven otherwise
  • encouraged the use of synthesized studies
22
Q

describe the role of nurses in EIP (3)

A
  • researches
  • consumers of evidence
  • should be participants in research
23
Q

what are the 5 aspects of the EIP process

A
  • ask
  • acquire (evidence to answer the question)
  • appraise (the quality, see if it is good research)
  • apply (to your practice)
  • assess (did it work? how? why?)

and then restart

24
Q

define paradigm

A
  • world view or general perspective of the world’s complexities
  • lens or way to look at phenomenom in the world
25
Q

what are 2 key paradigms for nursing research

A
  • positivist paradigm

- constructivist paradigm

26
Q

describe the positivist paradigm and characteristics of it

A
  • philosophical view that all knowledge must be verified through scientific methods such as experiments, observations and logical/mathematical proof
27
Q

describe the constructivist paradigm and its characteristics

A
  • concept that humans construct knowledge through their intelligence, experiences and interactions with the world
28
Q

describe the nature of reality in a positivist vs constructivist paradigm

A
  • positivist = reality exists, there is a real world driven by real, natural causes
  • constructivist = reality is multiple and subjective, mentally constructed by individuals
29
Q

describe the relationship between researcher and those being researched in a positivist vs constructivist paradigm

A
  • positivist = researcher is independent from those being researcher
  • constructivist = researcher interacts w those being researched, findings are the creation of the interactive process
30
Q

describe the role of values in the inquiry in a positivist vs constructivist paradigm

A
  • positivist = values and biases are to be held in check, objectivity is sought
  • constructivist = subjective and values and inevitable and desirable
31
Q

describe the best methods for obtaining evidence in a positivist paradigm (9)

A
  • deductive processes –> hypothesis testing
  • emphasis on discrete, specific concepts
  • focus on the objective & quantifiable
  • corroboration of researchers’ predictions
  • fixed, prespecified design
  • controls over context
  • measured, quantitative info
  • statistical analysis
  • seeks generalizations
32
Q

describe the best methods for obtaining evidence in a constructivist paradigm (9)

A
  • inductive processes –> hypothesis generation
  • emphasis on the whole
  • focus on the subjective and nonquantifiable
  • emerging insight ground in participants’ experiences
  • flexible, emergent design
  • context-bound, contextualized
  • narrative info
  • qualitative analysis
  • seeks in-depth understanding
33
Q

define: research methods

A
  • the techniques used to structure a study and to gather, analyze, and interpret info
34
Q

what are 2 types of research methods

A
  • quantative

- qualatative

35
Q

define quantitative research; which paradigm is it most closely allied with

A
  • research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data
  • most closely allied w the positivist tradition
36
Q

define qualitative research; which paradigm is it associated w

A
  • relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation, interviews, questionnaires
  • associated w the constructivist tradition
37
Q

describe characteristics of quantitative research (6)

A
  • orderly procedures
  • systematic/pre-specified plan
  • control over context –> might do in an enviro where factors can be controlled
  • formal measurement
  • empirical evidence –> measured and captured objectively, numerical
  • seeks generalizations –> do research in small samples, hoping it is a representation of a larger population
38
Q

describe characteristics of qualitative research (6)

A
  • dynamic design –> changes depending on data collected, changes over time
  • holistic
  • context bound
  • humans as instruments
  • qualitative info –> based on a narrative (text, words, etc.)
  • seeks patterns
39
Q

what are common features in both the positivist and constructivist paradigm (5)

A
  • ultimate goal = understanding
  • need for evidence
  • relies on human cooperation
  • ethical constraints –> need to go thru the ethics review board
  • fallibility –> there is no perfect study, limitations in all studies
40
Q

what are “mixed-methods”

A
  • the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods within one study
41
Q

when is a mixed-method used

A
  • when research questions or hypotheses cannot be answered by one method alone
42
Q

what is the benefit of mixed-methods

A
  • can expand understanding of findings or offer new insight
43
Q

describe the use of the two methods in mixed-methods

A
  • can occur simultaneously, parallel, or sequentially

- depends on purpose of study

44
Q

list 9 purposes of nursing researc

A
  • identification and description
  • exploration of whether certain relationships exist
  • explanation
  • prediction and control
  • therapy, treatment, intervention, screening, prevention, promotion
  • diagnosis & treatment
  • prognosis
  • etiology
  • meaning and process
45
Q

what 4 types of questions might healthcare practitioners ask

A
  • questions of feasibility (is it feasible? have resources? risks?)
  • questions of appropriateness (right intervention? try something else?)
  • questions of meaningfulness
  • questions of effectiveness
46
Q

who was one of the first nurses to advocate for health care workers to create, interpret, and use research findings to give the best care

A
  • Florence Nightingale

NURS 3550 - Research (12 decks)

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