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NURS 3550 - Research > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Ql research seeks to..? focused on?

A
  • develop an understanding of phenomena (i.e. human experience)
  • focused on meaning (i.e. how do people make sense of their lives & experiences)
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2
Q

what paradigm is related to QL research

A
  • constructivisit
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3
Q

QL research questions include (2)

A
  • how

- why

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4
Q

what data is used for QL research

A
  • words

- images

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5
Q

QL research uses what kind of research design?

A
  • flexible research design

- rich narrative materials

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6
Q

what are types of QL research (4)

A
  • phenomenology
  • grounded theory
  • ethnography
  • interpretive description
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7
Q

what does phenomenology focus on

A
  • understanding the lived experiences of humans and the meaning their derive from phenomenology
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8
Q

what is phenomenology characterized by (3)

A
  • small, purposeful selected samples
  • in depth interviews
  • engagement
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9
Q

what does grounded theory aim to do?

A
  • develop theories about social processes that are grounded in real-world observations
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10
Q

what is grounded theory characterized by? (3)

A
  • large purposeful/theoretical selected samples
  • constant comparative analysis
  • theory generation
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11
Q

what does ethnography focus on?

A
  • studying the culture of a group of people and trying to understand group meanings, patterns, and experiences
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12
Q

what is ethnography characterized by? (2)

A
  • in-depth interviews

- participant observations by researchers who hope achieve an “emic” (insider’s) perspective

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13
Q

what does interpretive description aim to do?

A
  • develop clinical knowledge that can be applied by a practice science, like nursing
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14
Q

what is interpretive description characterized by? (2)

A
  • theoretical sampling
  • analysis that aims to move beyond simply description to generate knowledge that is grounded in the experience of participants
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15
Q

what data collection methods are included in QL research

A
  • interviews
  • observation and photos
  • focus groups
  • documents
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16
Q

what types of sampling are used in QL research (4)

A
  • convenience
  • purposeful
  • sampling
  • theoretical
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17
Q

what is convenience sampling

A
  • sample is taken from a group of people easy to contact or to reach
    ex. asking for volunteers, putting up a poster
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18
Q

what is purposeful sampling

A
  • purposely select participants based on their previous experience & ability to provide the best info on the study topic
  • chooses a particular type of person who can enhance the study
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19
Q

what is snowball sampling

A
  • uses informants/people in study to recruit other people they know to participate
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20
Q

what is theoretical sampling? what is this used in?

A
  • selecting participants who can help them develop their emerging theory
  • involves deciding what samples you need as you go through your study & identify what themes you need more data on
  • uses in grounded theory
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21
Q

what is data saturation

A
  • the point where there is no data, resulting in you stop collecting data
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22
Q

what is reflexivity (3)

A
  • the researcher’s awareness of the part they play in the study and the possible effects this could have on their data
  • reflect on own experiences and how it could influence your interpreting, how your asking questions, etc.
  • reduces the chances of the researcher biasing the study
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23
Q

what is rigour (3)

A
  • a way to establish trust or confidence in the findings of a research study
  • systematic approach to establishing the scientific merit and quality of QLR
  • QL version of validity and reliability
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24
Q

what is a constructivist paradigm

A
  • concept that humans construct knowledge through their intelligence, experiences, and interactions w the world
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25
Q

what is the purpose of QL (3)

A
  • Seeks to uncover, explore, describe, and understand human conditions from those who are experiencing or living a phenomenon, seeks to learn what is it like for those experiencing the phenomenon
  • Seeks to develop an understanding of phenomena
  • Focused on meaning
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26
Q

what is ethics

A
  • involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior
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27
Q

what is the tri-council statement?

A
  • expresses the Agencies’ continuing commitment to the people of Canada to promote the ethical conduct of research involving humans
  • establish principles to guide the design, ethical conduct and ethics review process of research involving humans
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28
Q

what is the Belmont report

A
  • statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that provide an analytical framework to guide the resolution of ethical problems that arise from research with human subjects
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29
Q

what are the 3 principles of the Belmont Report

A
  • respect for persons
  • beneficence
  • justice
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30
Q

describe the concept of privacy

A
  • participants have a right to control access to personal info
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31
Q

describe the concept of confidentiality (4)

A
  • no unauthorized individuals should have access to data that includes identifying info
  • data stored in locked cabinets; password protected
  • email not used to share confidential info
  • change descriptions of individuals in published reports
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32
Q

describe the concept of anonymity (4)

A
  • participants responses should not be able to be linked to their identity
  • use ID #s and keep linked info separate from data
  • remove identifying info from transcripts
  • report aggregate data only in published reports
33
Q

what is consent

A
  • ability of participants to give informed consent in accord w their fundamental values
  • includes have the legal capacity & competence
34
Q

what is assent

A
  • agreement to participate in research given by those without the capacity to provide full and legal consent
  • often used in research involving children
35
Q

what does the principal of justice mean

A
  • all individuals in a population of interest should have equal opportunity to participate in health research
36
Q

what is informed consent

A
  • process that occurs throughout a study

- must be voluntary, informed, have legal capacity & competence, and valid

37
Q

what are the principles of OCAP

A
  • ownership
  • control
  • access
  • possession
38
Q

what does the principal of ownership mean (2)

A
  • refers to the relationship of First Nations to their cultural knowledge, data, and info
  • a community or group owns info collectively in the same way that an individual own his or her personal info
39
Q

what does the principle of control mean (2)

A
  • affirms that first nations are within their rights in seeking to control over all aspects of research and info mngmt processes that impact them
  • includes all stages of a research project, from initial planning final dissemination
40
Q

what does the principle of possession mean (3)

A
  • while ownership identifies the relationship between a people and their in principle, possession or stewardship is more concrete
  • refers to the physical control of data
  • possession is the mechanism by which ownership can be asserted and protected
41
Q

what is the purpose of Research Ethics Boards (2)

A
  • to protect participants involved in human research and to ensure ethical standards are upheld prior to the conduction of funded research that have undergone scientific peer review or clinical non-funded studies
  • review new and revised study protocols and monitor clinical trials
42
Q

what are background questions

A
  • focused on general info that addresses the what, where, when, why, and how & the outcomes of a phenomenom
  • i consider these to be answered with “common knowledge” that is easily found
43
Q

what are foreground questions

A
  • can be answered from scientific knowledge about diagnosis, therapy, etiology, and prognosis
  • they are typically posed using PICOT format, however may or may not include C and/or T depending on the type of question
  • requires a more intensive search of the literature
44
Q

what does PICOT stand for

A
  • population
  • intervention
  • comparison intervention
  • outcome of interest
  • time involved to demonstrate an outcome
45
Q

what does PICo stand for

A
  • population, pt
  • phenomenom of interest
  • context
46
Q

what is a primary source of evidence

A
  • research studies found on evidence data bases
47
Q

what are secondary sources of evidence

A
  • JBI or cochraqne
  • reviews
  • guidelines
  • clinical evidence summaries
48
Q

what should you remember when searching the literature (5)

A
  • PICOT/PICo formation
  • keyword search terms - subject headings (CINAHL) or mesh (PubMed)
  • combining search terms with borlean operators (AND, OR, NOT)
  • remember appropriate use of “”, *, ()
  • application of appropriate filters at the END of your search
49
Q

what are the 5 steps of the EIP process

A
  • ground zero: spirit of inquiry
  • ask
  • acquire
  • appraise
  • apply
  • assess
50
Q

what is a systematic review

A
  • summary of evidence on a given topic

- a methodological, scholary inquiry that is considered a study in and of itself

51
Q

what are systematic reviews characterized by (6)

A
  • clearly stated objectives and a focused clinical question
  • pre-determined inclusion & exclusion criteria
  • explicit, reproducible methodology
  • explains a systematic search to identify “all studies” that meet eligibility criteria
  • a systematic presentation of the synthesis of findings
  • a standardized presentation of the synthesis of findings
52
Q

what is a meta-analysis

A
  • a high form of SR

- involves the statistical integration of primary QL studies and observed patterns not previously detected

53
Q

what is a meta-synthesis

A
  • a SR involving the integration of primary QL studies

- more about interpretation versus reduction (as in MA) of info

54
Q

what is an integrative review (2)

A
  • a SR with no summary stats due to limitations in studies found (too different to pool)
  • more about comparing and contrasting results (include QN and QL)
55
Q

what is a narrative review (3)

A
  • published papers support author’s viewpoint
  • general background on an issue
  • no explicit & systematic search or evaluate approach
56
Q

know how to read a forest plot

A

….

57
Q

what are clinical practice guidelines

A
  • systematically developed statements to assist clinicians and pts in making decisions about care
  • ideally, the guidelines consist of a systematic review of the literature, in conjunction with consensus of a group of expert decision makers, including admin, policy makers, clinicians, and consumers who consider the evidence and make recommendations
58
Q

what are CPGs based on

A
  • rigorous review of SR

- primary studies

59
Q

what do CPGs reduce

A
  • unnecessary variations in clinical practice and flexibility
60
Q

appraisal of guidelines is imperative why??? (3)

A
  • they can vary in rigor of development
  • interpretation of evidence
  • recommendations
61
Q

what is internal evidence (2)

A
  • is generated within a clinical practice setting from local initiatives or clinically generated data
  • knowledge acquired through formal education and training, general experience accumulated from daily practice, and specific experience gained from an individual clinician-patient relationship
    • its goal is to improve clinical practice and pt outcomes in local setting
      ex. clinical expertise, quality improvement data
62
Q

what is external evidence

A
  • generated by rigorous scientific research
    ex. systematic reviews, clinical trial
  • its goal is to improve clinical practice and pt outcomes across all health settings
63
Q

what is primary evidence

A
  • individual studies published in an academic journal, including RCTs, cohort studies, and QL research
64
Q

what is secondary evidence (2)

A
  • pre-appraised sources of evidence, including reviews of evidence from primary research
    ex. systematic reviews, CPGs, point of care tools
  • these secondary sources synthesize or summarize multiple primary sources of evidence and are geared to clinicians and help inform practice and policy
65
Q

where can we find secondary sources (5_

A
  • cochrane
  • JBI
  • RNAOs best practice guidelines
  • literature databases (pubmed, CINAHL)
  • point of care tools (uptodate, trip medical database)
66
Q

where to find primary sources

A
  • CINAHL
  • pubmed
  • scopus
  • psychinfo
  • ERIC
  • sociological abstracts
  • embase
  • cochrane
67
Q

what are 6 boolean operators

A
  • AND
  • OR
  • NOT
  • ””
  • **
  • ()
68
Q

what does AND mean

A
  • tells a literature database to search for both terms

- typically used when we are combining keywords that capture our entire PICOT question

69
Q

what does OR mean

A
  • tells a literature database to search for either term

- used when combining similar keywords to capture as much literature as possible on a specific element of PICOT

70
Q

what does NOT mean

A
  • sometimes we find a literature search may pull in articles that are not relevant to our PICOT
  • we can cautiosly use NOT to eliminate these articles
  • this is rarely used as it can eliminate relevant articles by accident
71
Q

what do “” mean

A
  • used around several words or a phrase that we specifically want to search for
72
Q

what do ** mean

A
  • used at the end of a truncated word to tell a literature database to search for all possible endings
73
Q

what do () mean

A
  • used when we are using AND and OR at the same time

- they tell the data base which to search for first

74
Q

what are some literature searching tips

A
  • refine your clinical question as much as possible
  • look up keywords in literature databases’ keyword search engines (MESH in pubmed, subject headings in CINAHL)
  • brainstorm additionally keywords that capture your key components of your PICOT
  • search 1 concept from your PICOT at a time
  • if have 100s of results, refine using appropriate limits
75
Q

what are some appropriate limits you can use in a literature search

A
  • publication date (usually within 10 years)
  • language
  • type of study
  • full text (be cautious with this)
76
Q

how do we know what articles to select

A
  • look for high quality secondary sources
  • try and find the most current one that is as inclusive of the literature as possible
  • avoid relying soley on narrative, scoping, integrative reviews (arent as rigorous)
  • if a 2ndary source is order, look for recent primary articles
  • look for QN studies with larger sample sizes (over 50 )
77
Q

what is gray literature

A
  • info produced outside of traditional publishing and distribution channels
78
Q

gray literature may include

A
  • reports
  • policy literature
  • working papers
  • newsletters
  • government documents
  • speeches
  • white papers
  • urban plans

NURS 3550 - Research (12 decks)

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