Final Exam Review Flashcards
Ql research seeks to..? focused on?
- develop an understanding of phenomena (i.e. human experience)
- focused on meaning (i.e. how do people make sense of their lives & experiences)
what paradigm is related to QL research
- constructivisit
QL research questions include (2)
- how
- why
what data is used for QL research
- words
- images
QL research uses what kind of research design?
- flexible research design
- rich narrative materials
what are types of QL research (4)
- phenomenology
- grounded theory
- ethnography
- interpretive description
what does phenomenology focus on
- understanding the lived experiences of humans and the meaning their derive from phenomenology
what is phenomenology characterized by (3)
- small, purposeful selected samples
- in depth interviews
- engagement
what does grounded theory aim to do?
- develop theories about social processes that are grounded in real-world observations
what is grounded theory characterized by? (3)
- large purposeful/theoretical selected samples
- constant comparative analysis
- theory generation
what does ethnography focus on?
- studying the culture of a group of people and trying to understand group meanings, patterns, and experiences
what is ethnography characterized by? (2)
- in-depth interviews
- participant observations by researchers who hope achieve an “emic” (insider’s) perspective
what does interpretive description aim to do?
- develop clinical knowledge that can be applied by a practice science, like nursing
what is interpretive description characterized by? (2)
- theoretical sampling
- analysis that aims to move beyond simply description to generate knowledge that is grounded in the experience of participants
what data collection methods are included in QL research
- interviews
- observation and photos
- focus groups
- documents
what types of sampling are used in QL research (4)
- convenience
- purposeful
- sampling
- theoretical
what is convenience sampling
- sample is taken from a group of people easy to contact or to reach
ex. asking for volunteers, putting up a poster
what is purposeful sampling
- purposely select participants based on their previous experience & ability to provide the best info on the study topic
- chooses a particular type of person who can enhance the study
what is snowball sampling
- uses informants/people in study to recruit other people they know to participate
what is theoretical sampling? what is this used in?
- selecting participants who can help them develop their emerging theory
- involves deciding what samples you need as you go through your study & identify what themes you need more data on
- uses in grounded theory
what is data saturation
- the point where there is no data, resulting in you stop collecting data
what is reflexivity (3)
- the researcher’s awareness of the part they play in the study and the possible effects this could have on their data
- reflect on own experiences and how it could influence your interpreting, how your asking questions, etc.
- reduces the chances of the researcher biasing the study
what is rigour (3)
- a way to establish trust or confidence in the findings of a research study
- systematic approach to establishing the scientific merit and quality of QLR
- QL version of validity and reliability
what is a constructivist paradigm
- concept that humans construct knowledge through their intelligence, experiences, and interactions w the world
what is the purpose of QL (3)
- Seeks to uncover, explore, describe, and understand human conditions from those who are experiencing or living a phenomenon, seeks to learn what is it like for those experiencing the phenomenon
- Seeks to develop an understanding of phenomena
- Focused on meaning
what is ethics
- involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior
what is the tri-council statement?
- expresses the Agencies’ continuing commitment to the people of Canada to promote the ethical conduct of research involving humans
- establish principles to guide the design, ethical conduct and ethics review process of research involving humans
what is the Belmont report
- statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that provide an analytical framework to guide the resolution of ethical problems that arise from research with human subjects
what are the 3 principles of the Belmont Report
- respect for persons
- beneficence
- justice
describe the concept of privacy
- participants have a right to control access to personal info
describe the concept of confidentiality (4)
- no unauthorized individuals should have access to data that includes identifying info
- data stored in locked cabinets; password protected
- email not used to share confidential info
- change descriptions of individuals in published reports
describe the concept of anonymity (4)
- participants responses should not be able to be linked to their identity
- use ID #s and keep linked info separate from data
- remove identifying info from transcripts
- report aggregate data only in published reports
what is consent
- ability of participants to give informed consent in accord w their fundamental values
- includes have the legal capacity & competence
what is assent
- agreement to participate in research given by those without the capacity to provide full and legal consent
- often used in research involving children
what does the principal of justice mean
- all individuals in a population of interest should have equal opportunity to participate in health research
what is informed consent
- process that occurs throughout a study
- must be voluntary, informed, have legal capacity & competence, and valid
what are the principles of OCAP
- ownership
- control
- access
- possession
what does the principal of ownership mean (2)
- refers to the relationship of First Nations to their cultural knowledge, data, and info
- a community or group owns info collectively in the same way that an individual own his or her personal info
what does the principle of control mean (2)
- affirms that first nations are within their rights in seeking to control over all aspects of research and info mngmt processes that impact them
- includes all stages of a research project, from initial planning final dissemination
what does the principle of possession mean (3)
- while ownership identifies the relationship between a people and their in principle, possession or stewardship is more concrete
- refers to the physical control of data
- possession is the mechanism by which ownership can be asserted and protected
what is the purpose of Research Ethics Boards (2)
- to protect participants involved in human research and to ensure ethical standards are upheld prior to the conduction of funded research that have undergone scientific peer review or clinical non-funded studies
- review new and revised study protocols and monitor clinical trials
what are background questions
- focused on general info that addresses the what, where, when, why, and how & the outcomes of a phenomenom
- i consider these to be answered with “common knowledge” that is easily found
what are foreground questions
- can be answered from scientific knowledge about diagnosis, therapy, etiology, and prognosis
- they are typically posed using PICOT format, however may or may not include C and/or T depending on the type of question
- requires a more intensive search of the literature
what does PICOT stand for
- population
- intervention
- comparison intervention
- outcome of interest
- time involved to demonstrate an outcome
what does PICo stand for
- population, pt
- phenomenom of interest
- context
what is a primary source of evidence
- research studies found on evidence data bases
what are secondary sources of evidence
- JBI or cochraqne
- reviews
- guidelines
- clinical evidence summaries
what should you remember when searching the literature (5)
- PICOT/PICo formation
- keyword search terms - subject headings (CINAHL) or mesh (PubMed)
- combining search terms with borlean operators (AND, OR, NOT)
- remember appropriate use of “”, *, ()
- application of appropriate filters at the END of your search
what are the 5 steps of the EIP process
- ground zero: spirit of inquiry
- ask
- acquire
- appraise
- apply
- assess
what is a systematic review
- summary of evidence on a given topic
- a methodological, scholary inquiry that is considered a study in and of itself
what are systematic reviews characterized by (6)
- clearly stated objectives and a focused clinical question
- pre-determined inclusion & exclusion criteria
- explicit, reproducible methodology
- explains a systematic search to identify “all studies” that meet eligibility criteria
- a systematic presentation of the synthesis of findings
- a standardized presentation of the synthesis of findings
what is a meta-analysis
- a high form of SR
- involves the statistical integration of primary QL studies and observed patterns not previously detected
what is a meta-synthesis
- a SR involving the integration of primary QL studies
- more about interpretation versus reduction (as in MA) of info
what is an integrative review (2)
- a SR with no summary stats due to limitations in studies found (too different to pool)
- more about comparing and contrasting results (include QN and QL)
what is a narrative review (3)
- published papers support author’s viewpoint
- general background on an issue
- no explicit & systematic search or evaluate approach
know how to read a forest plot
….
what are clinical practice guidelines
- systematically developed statements to assist clinicians and pts in making decisions about care
- ideally, the guidelines consist of a systematic review of the literature, in conjunction with consensus of a group of expert decision makers, including admin, policy makers, clinicians, and consumers who consider the evidence and make recommendations
what are CPGs based on
- rigorous review of SR
- primary studies
what do CPGs reduce
- unnecessary variations in clinical practice and flexibility
appraisal of guidelines is imperative why??? (3)
- they can vary in rigor of development
- interpretation of evidence
- recommendations
what is internal evidence (2)
- is generated within a clinical practice setting from local initiatives or clinically generated data
- knowledge acquired through formal education and training, general experience accumulated from daily practice, and specific experience gained from an individual clinician-patient relationship
- its goal is to improve clinical practice and pt outcomes in local setting
ex. clinical expertise, quality improvement data
- its goal is to improve clinical practice and pt outcomes in local setting
what is external evidence
- generated by rigorous scientific research
ex. systematic reviews, clinical trial - its goal is to improve clinical practice and pt outcomes across all health settings
what is primary evidence
- individual studies published in an academic journal, including RCTs, cohort studies, and QL research
what is secondary evidence (2)
- pre-appraised sources of evidence, including reviews of evidence from primary research
ex. systematic reviews, CPGs, point of care tools - these secondary sources synthesize or summarize multiple primary sources of evidence and are geared to clinicians and help inform practice and policy
where can we find secondary sources (5_
- cochrane
- JBI
- RNAOs best practice guidelines
- literature databases (pubmed, CINAHL)
- point of care tools (uptodate, trip medical database)
where to find primary sources
- CINAHL
- pubmed
- scopus
- psychinfo
- ERIC
- sociological abstracts
- embase
- cochrane
what are 6 boolean operators
- AND
- OR
- NOT
- ””
- **
- ()
what does AND mean
- tells a literature database to search for both terms
- typically used when we are combining keywords that capture our entire PICOT question
what does OR mean
- tells a literature database to search for either term
- used when combining similar keywords to capture as much literature as possible on a specific element of PICOT
what does NOT mean
- sometimes we find a literature search may pull in articles that are not relevant to our PICOT
- we can cautiosly use NOT to eliminate these articles
- this is rarely used as it can eliminate relevant articles by accident
what do “” mean
- used around several words or a phrase that we specifically want to search for
what do ** mean
- used at the end of a truncated word to tell a literature database to search for all possible endings
what do () mean
- used when we are using AND and OR at the same time
- they tell the data base which to search for first
what are some literature searching tips
- refine your clinical question as much as possible
- look up keywords in literature databases’ keyword search engines (MESH in pubmed, subject headings in CINAHL)
- brainstorm additionally keywords that capture your key components of your PICOT
- search 1 concept from your PICOT at a time
- if have 100s of results, refine using appropriate limits
what are some appropriate limits you can use in a literature search
- publication date (usually within 10 years)
- language
- type of study
- full text (be cautious with this)
how do we know what articles to select
- look for high quality secondary sources
- try and find the most current one that is as inclusive of the literature as possible
- avoid relying soley on narrative, scoping, integrative reviews (arent as rigorous)
- if a 2ndary source is order, look for recent primary articles
- look for QN studies with larger sample sizes (over 50 )
what is gray literature
- info produced outside of traditional publishing and distribution channels
gray literature may include
- reports
- policy literature
- working papers
- newsletters
- government documents
- speeches
- white papers
- urban plans
