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Sports Training Physiology > Week 4 - Speed Training > Flashcards

Week 4 - Speed Training Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

According to Gaitanos et al., (1993) what is the percentage contribution of glycolysis to total ATP resynthesis during a 6-second all-out effort?

A

44.1%

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2
Q

There’s evidence to suggest that speed training leads to an ⬆️ in activity of glycolytic enzymes.

List 3 of these

A

PK (Pyruvate kinase)

Enolase

TPI (Triose P Isomerase)

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3
Q

Function of PK

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H+ –> pyruvate + ATP

in glycolysis.

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4
Q

Function of enolase

A

2-phosphoglycerate –> phosphoenolpyruvate + H20

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5
Q

Function of TPI (Triosephosphate isomerase)

A

Dihydroxyacetone P – triose P isomerase –> glyceraldehyde 3-P

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6
Q

According to Gaitanos et al., (1993) what is the percentage contribution of the PCr system to total ATP resynthesis during a 6-second all-out effort?

A

57%

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7
Q

PCr stores deplete during an all out sprint.

– Replenished during recovery period.

Which energy system provides ATP for this recovery?

A

Myokinase pathway

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8
Q

What is the name of the enzyme involved in the myokinase pathway

A

Myokinase / ADK - Adyenlate kinase

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9
Q

Equation for myokinase reaction

A

ATP + AMP <=> 2ADP

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10
Q

Dawson et al., (1998) + Thorstensson et al., (1975) found a significant increase in the activity of the myokinase / ADK. What percentage increase did they report?

A

19%

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11
Q

During an all-out sprint we activate our Fast Fatigable (FF) motor units.

Do they have a low, moderate or high innervation ratio?

A

High innervation ratio

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12
Q

What does the innervation ratio refer to?

A

Defines the no. of muscle fibres innervated by a single motor neurone.

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13
Q

What motor neuron does the action potential travel down after leaving the spinal cord?

A

Somatic motor neurons (alpha motor neuron)

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14
Q

Define speed

A

Ability to move the body as quickly as possible over a set distance. Associate it w/ max-intensity exercise lasting 2-10s.

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15
Q

How to calculate speed

A

Distance / time

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16
Q

How to assess speed in the field

A

Stopwatch

Timing gates (more accurate)

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17
Q

In what way can speed be improved

A

By enhancing the tension + length-impulse response involved in the rapid exchange between eccentric + concentric muscle action during sprint activity.

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18
Q

Why is use of plyometric or explosive strength training an adv. to speed development?

A

Due to improvements seen in the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC).

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19
Q

Main adaptations over prolonged speed training

A

⬇️ muscle stiffness

Enhanced NM activation

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20
Q

At which point can olympic-caliber athletes accelerate through in a 100m sprint

A

70m mark

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21
Q

Define 1 stride

A

2 steps/foot strikes

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22
Q

Define stride rate

A

No. of steps taken w/ each leg during distance of run.

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23
Q

What stride rate do elite sprinters have

A

Approx 5/sec

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24
Q

What happens as stride rate increases

A

Time spend on ground ⬇️ = flight phase ⬆️.

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25
Q

Constant stride length + ⬆️ stride rate = ?

A

⬆️ speed

26
Q

Constant stride rate + ⬆️ stride length = ?

A

⬆️ speed

27
Q

Which is more important when determining runners Max velocity

A

Stride rate

28
Q

In regards to running, what does improved power allow

A

Athlete can ⬆️ acceleration ability by ⬇️ ground contact time of each stride + ⬆️ impulse production on takeoff.

29
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE-TYPE COMPOSITION

What is speed influenced by?

A

Structural architecture of skeletal tissue:

  • Muscle thickness
  • Length of fascicle
  • Pennation angle of fascicles
30
Q

What does a large pennation angle allow?

A

Ability to generate greater force - associated w/ greater speed of contraction.

31
Q

Typical speed training programme

A

3-4 sessions/week

4-20 reps per session

Less than 10secs of exercise per rep

90-100% max. Speed

Work:Rest > 1:6

32
Q

Benefits to resisted speed training

A

Enhanced neural function

⬆️ reflex potentiation

⬆️ type II muscle fibre cross-sectional area

33
Q

Cautions to resisted speed training

A

Greater resistance may damage running technique, negating any pot. benefit from resisted running.

34
Q

Recommendations for resisted running drills

A

18-37m

3-4 sets of 4-8 reps

Recovery - 90-120s

35
Q

Assisted speed or overspeed training

A

Uses downhill sprint or implements to help athletes run faster than they normally do.

— Can ⬆️ stride freq. + length more than possible w/ traditional sprint exercises.

36
Q

-ive outcome to assisted speed or overspeed training

A

Risk of changing running technique = slower sprint times.

— Been recommended that athletes don’t exceed 100% of their max. Running speed.

37
Q

Metabolic adaptations to speed training

A

⬆️ activity of creatine kinase, myokinase + glycolytic enzymes.

⬆️ proportion of type II muscle fibres.

⬆️ muscle fibre cross-sectional area.

38
Q

What pathways majorly contribute to ATP resynthesis during all out sprints

A

PCr + glycolytic

39
Q

Influence of speed training on motor unit recruitment / neural adaptations

A

⬆️ motor neurone firing freq.

⬆️ conduction velocity

⬆️ proportion + activation of type 2 motor units/fibres

Enhancement of SR Ca2+ release

40
Q

What causes Ca2+ release from SR?

What happens after?

A

AP travelling down T-tubule

Ca2+ Binds to troponin = Allowing binding of actin + myosin == Contraction.

41
Q

Pathway of AP from start to muscle fibres

A

Down spinal cord

Branches into somatic motor neurones (alpha motor neurone)

Transmits AP towards skeletal muscle.

Each alpha motor neurone attaches to multiple muscle fibres.

42
Q

What does an AP travelling down a motor neurone cause?

A

Contraction in all fibres innervated by that neurone.

43
Q

What happens with regards to a single AP?

A

Contraction of the fibres - a twitch.

44
Q

What is req. for sustained + forceful muscle contraction in association with AP?

A

Successive motor neurone APs

45
Q

What is the force + speed of contraction affected by?

A

Freq. of AP from motor neurones

No. of motor neurones transmitting AP.

46
Q

What are the 3 motor unit types

A

Fast Fatigable (FF)

Fast fatigue-resistant (FR)

Slow (S)

47
Q

What is the histochemical profile of fibres of the 3 motor unit types

A

FF – FAST GLYCOLYTIC (FG)

FR – FAST OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYTIC (FOG)

S – SLOW OXIDATIVE (SO)

48
Q

Order motor unit size from FF to S motor unit types

A

FF -Large

FR - Medium

S - Small

49
Q

Order INNERVATION RATIO from FF to S motor unit types

A

FF - High innervation ratio

SO - Low innervation ratio

50
Q

Advice for ind. aiming to ⬆️ speed

A

Speed training

Resistance training (Traditional, High velocity + power)

Plyometrics

Movement Specific Training (Resisted Sprints).

51
Q

How many sprints are performed in a team sports game?

A

Typically 25-40

52
Q

How long are the sprints performed in a team sports game?

A

2-4s

53
Q

How far are the sprints performed in a team sports game?

A

15-25m

54
Q

Heavy resistance vs. high velocity/power training

A

Heavy resistance training ⬆️ maximal muscle force prod.

Explosive power training ⬆️ maximal muscle force prod + rate of force development

== Both should be incorporated into a sprinters programme.

55
Q

When is muscle excitability reduced?

A

When K+ builds up outside the muscle cell.

56
Q

How does speed training prevent a reduction in muscle excitability?

A

⬆️ no. of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps

57
Q

Why is more Ca2+ released from the SR after speed training?

A

⬆️ in SERCA and RyR

58
Q

What is a high leg muscle volume typically associated with?

A

Acceleration

59
Q

What is the initial improvement in strength following the onset of resistance training due to?

A

Neural adaptations

60
Q

To what type of speed training is there currently limited evidence to support the use of it?

A

Assisted sprints.

Sports Training Physiology (13 decks)

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