week 4, reynolds-pka

Question 0

reynolds number greater than __ is the transition point between laminar and transitional flow

Answer 0

2000

Question 1

reynolds number states that resistance to flow __ when flow becomes turbulent

Answer 1

increases

Question 2

reynolds equation is _

Answer 2

velocity x density x tube diameter
/
viscosity

Question 3

reynolds is proportional to v, d, d

Answer 3

velocity, diameter, density

Question 4

reynolds is inversely proportional to v

Answer 4

viscosity

Question 5

reynolds says that when flow is turbulent, _ determines flow

Answer 5

density

Question 6

what property of a gas determines gas flow rate through a variable orifice flow meter at HIGH FLOW RATE

Answer 6

density

Question 7

what property of a gas determines gas flow rate through a variable orifice flow meter at LOW FLOW RATE

Answer 7

viscosity

Question 8

why would you give a person in status asthmaticus heliox?

Answer 8

reducing the density reestablishes laminar flow

Question 9

bernoulli’s principle states that fluids in an area moving __ than the surrounding area possess __ pressure

Answer 9

faster

less pressure

Question 10

an example of bernoulli

Answer 10

blowing on the top of a piece of paper lifts the paper

Question 11

venturi effect is a _ effect, the velocity of a fluid _ as the cross sectional area _

Answer 11

jet
increases
decreases

Question 12

laplace’s law states that as the structure (the radius) expands, the tension (force) in the wall of the structure increases. Give me an example

Answer 12

an aortic aneurysm is much more likely to rupture that a normal vessel because the radius of the aneurysm is LARGER, thereby increasing the tension in the wall to the “breaking point”

Question 13

according to LaPlace, will a small capillary or a large vein better withstand high blood pressure? why?

Answer 13

the small capillary, because it has a smaller radius and thus lower wall tension

Question 14

LaPlace’s math T=P x r

Answer 14

tension = pressure x radius

Question 15

in sphere’s, the wall tension is increased __ as much as with cylinders

Answer 15

twice

Question 16

in a surfactant DEFICIENT alveolus, wall tension is __ and __ of size

Answer 16

constant

independent

Question 17

in a surfactant deficient lung, is the pressure greater in a smaller or larger alveoli?

Answer 17

smaller

Question 18

for alveoli with normal surfactant, tension __ with __ in radius

Answer 18

increases

increases

Question 19

in a patient with adequate surfactant, because tension increases proportionally with radius, the pressure within the alveolus _

Answer 19

does not change

Question 20

chemical equilibrium means that most chemical reactions are __ and competing processes of reactions and product break downs occur __

Answer 20

reversible

simultaneously

Question 21

when a system reaches equilibrium, the concentrations of all the products and reactants (starting materials) remain _

Answer 21

constant

Question 22

LeChatelier’s principle states that if a system in equilibrium is subjected to a disturbance, it tends to change in a way that __ this disturbance

Answer 22

opposes

Question 23

in physiology, equilibrium is called _

Answer 23

homeostasis

Question 24

each molecule of hemoglobin can carry _ oxygen molecules

Answer 24

4

Question 25

increasing temperature favors endo- or exo-thermic processes?

Answer 25

endothermic

Question 26

when one of the reactants or products is a __, changing volume and/or pressure significantly impacts equilibrium reactions

Answer 26

gas

Question 27

when the partial pressure of oxygen is increased, the equilibrium shifts to the _

Answer 27

right

Question 28

the equilibrium constant(__) is the numerical description of that balance

Answer 28

K

Question 29

as K increases, the reaction tends to increasingly favor __

Answer 29

products

Question 30

as K decreases, the reverse reaction is more __

Answer 30

favorable

Question 31

Acids produce _ ions in aqueous solution, acids are proton _

Answer 31

H+

donors

Question 32

Bases produce __ ions in aqueous solutions, bases are proton _

Answer 32

OH-

acceptors

Question 33

what is the Bronsted-Lowry theory?

Answer 33

acids are proton donators, bases are proton acceptors

Question 34

what the __ is a hydronium ion?

Answer 34

heck

h3o+

Question 35

an amphoteric species can __ as either an acid or a base

Answer 35

behave

ex. water

Question 36

what is an important amphoteric species that helps maintain pH in the blood?

Answer 36

monohydrogenphosphate

Question 37

conjugated acid/bases

Answer 37

i don’t really get this so look it up

Question 38

strong acids dissolved in water are essentially __% ionized

Answer 38

100

Question 39

the strongest base is hydroxide ion (OH-), so a strong base ionizes __% to produce OH- ions

Answer 39

100

Question 40

examples of weak acids

Answer 40

barbiturates

propofol

Question 41

what are some weak bases?

Answer 41

all local anesthetics
all opioids
benzos
etomidate
ketamine

Question 42

the pH scale = the negative log of H+

Answer 42

each change of 1 pH unit means the hydrogen ion concentration is changing by a factor of 10

Question 43

what is the pH of a liter of water?

Answer 43

7

Question 44

A large value of Ka means a __ acid

Answer 44

stronger

Question 45

A large Ka will have a __ pKa

Answer 45

small

Question 46

the sum of the pKa and pKb of the conjugate acid-base pair will be 14. So an acid with a pKa of 4 has a conjugate base with a pKb of _

Answer 46

10