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ANPR 555 - Sames - math and physics > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

solubility coefficient of co2

A

0.067 ml / 100 ml blood / mmHg of co2

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1
Q

solubility coefficient of oxygen

A

0.003 ml / 100 ml blood / mmHg of o2

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2
Q

Henry’s law states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in solution is __ to the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution.

A

proportional

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3
Q

fiO2 x 5 = paO2

A

“x5 is a good start to remember”

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4
Q

Henry was a blood gas guru

A

He was always calculating the dissolved gas via paO2 and paCO2

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5
Q

Diffusion is the process of net movement of one type of molecule through space as a result of __

A

random motion intended to minimize a concentration gradient.

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6
Q

Molecules with a smaller mass will diffuse __

A

faster

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7
Q

Graham’s law

does the big graham cracker or the little graham cracker dissolve in the milk faster?

A

smaller molecules diffuse faster than larger molecules

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8
Q

Graham’s law in scientific mumbo jumbo

A

a gas diffuses at a rate that is INVERSELY proportional to the square root of its molecular weight

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9
Q

semi-permeable or selectively permeable means some molecules can pass through while others _

A

Canr

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10
Q

osmosis is the movement of WATER across a semi-permeable membrane to equilibrate a concentration __

A

gradient

knock knock, who’s there? WATER

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11
Q

OSMOTIC pressure is a force needed to stop _ from occurring

A

Osmosi

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12
Q

ONCOTIC pressure is the OSMOTIC pressure caused by __

A

plasma proteins and electrolytes in capillaries

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13
Q

normal onCotic pressure is approximately _

A

28 mmHg

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14
Q

Most capillary walls are permeable to small solutes like __ and __ etc. so small solutes do not exert an osmotic effect

A

Na+
Cl-

Ions do not penetrate the lipid bilayer so they diffuse via channels.
The capillaries of the brain have the BBB and are exceptions to the above

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15
Q

Albumin has a molecular weight of __ and does not penetrate the capillary wall. It provides the onCotic pressure of the blood and is the major determinant of intravascular volume.

A

69,000 g/mol

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16
Q

Diffusion is a __ process.

A

passive

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17
Q

Nitrous diffuses into air-filled cavities, therefore it is contraindicated in patients with pneumothorax, or where air-filled cavity expansion is undesirable such as eye, ear, cranial surgery.

A

Nitrous expansion of ETT cuffs may cause tracheal mucosal damage

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18
Q

Fick’s law for diffusion of a gas across a tissue plane is a big A law that accounts for five things, what are they?

A 
partial pressure gradient (p1-p2= change in p)
membrane area
solubility of gas in membrane
membrane thickness
square root of the molecular weight
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19
Q

fick’s law equation

A

diffusion rate = [(p1-p2) x area x solubility] / [membrane thickness x square root of molecular weight]

“maybe you do need to know it” - Katrin

20
Q

Fick’s law explains three concepts- what are they?

A

concentration effect
second gas effect
diffusion hypoxia

21
Q

concentration effect- the higher the concentration of agent delivered the faster anesthesia is achieved, AKA __

A

overpressuring

22
Q

second gas effect- two anesthetics of varying onset are given together, and the slower gas achieves anesthetic level more quickly than if given alone. Usually __ and another gas

A

nitrous

23
Q

nitrous is __ times more blood soluble than nitrogen

A

34

24
Q

what is the blood:gas partition coefficient of nitrogen?

A

0.014

25
Q

what is the blood:gas partition coefficient of nitrous?

A

0.470

26
Q
  • compared with nitrous, the carrying capacity of blood for nitrogen is very poor
  • according to Fick’s law of diffusion, the rate of diffusion of a gas into or out of the blood is __ to its blood solubility
A

proportional

27
Q

explain concentration effects as it relates to uptake of nitrous and alveolar volume

A

slide 45

diffusion gradient remains high because the alveoli shrinks as nitrous diffuses into the blood

28
Q

explain the correlation between concentration and second gas effects

A

slide 47
basically, as nitrous diffuses it shrinks the alveoli and thus increases the concentration of the second gas (iso/sevo/des) which therefore reaches anesthetic concentration much quicker.

29
Q

explain the dilutional effect when nitrous is shut off for emergence and the phenomenon of “dilutional hypoxia” or “diffusion hypoxia”

A

slide 50

when the nitrous is turned off, the alveoli expand and thus decreased paO2 and cause a temporary hypoxia

30
Q

CO2 diffuses __ times faster across alveolar and capillary membranes than O2

A

20x

31
Q

equilibrium of an inhalational agent occurs in the body when the partial pressure of the gas is the __ everywhere

A

same

32
Q

how does the fetus receive O2 and drugs across the placental barrier?

A

diffusion

33
Q

diffusion of a gas from alveoli to blood or blood to alveoli requires a difference in partial pressure (p1-p2 = change in p)

A

represented by delta P

34
Q

what are the main factors determining diffusion rates across membranes for non-gases is the __ for non-ionized or the __ gradients for ions
also __ __ and __

A

diffusion gradients
electrochemical gradients
lipid solubility
size

35
Q

both liquids and gases are fluids. Forces associated with fluids include _, _, and _

A

gravity
pressure
friction

36
Q

friction is resistance to flow from the surface interaction and is __ to viscosity

A

proportional

37
Q

viscosity is the property of a fluid that resists __

A

flow

38
Q

all flow moves from higher pressure to __

A

lower

39
Q

Laminar flow is __

A

type of flow in which all molecules of a fluid travel in a parallel path within the tube

40
Q

in laminar flow, the molecules in the center of the tube encounter the least adhesive force from the walls of the tube and therefore __

A

move at twice the velocity of the mean flow

41
Q

flow decreases approaching the walls and __ at the wall

A

ceases

42
Q

true laminar flow predominates in the smallest airways or __

A

terminal bronchioles

43
Q

transitional flow is a __ of laminar flow and turbulent flow

A

mixture

44
Q

turbulent flow is described as __

A

chaotic with irregular eddies throughout

45
Q

Poiseuille’s law states that __ will have the most dramatic effect on flow

A

radius

46
Q

state Poiseuille’s law

A

flow = (pi x radius^4 x pressure gradient) / (8 x viscosity x length of tube)

PR4P/8VL

47
Q

doubling the radius of the tube results in a __ fold increase in flow, tripling the radius increases the flow by __ fold

A

16 fold

81 fold

48
Q

end lecture on slide 23

A

reynolds law

ANPR 555 - Sames - math and physics (12 decks)

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