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LFS103 > Week 4 Lecture: Levels of Organisation > Flashcards

Week 4 Lecture: Levels of Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life; the basic unit of both structure and function of living organisms.

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2
Q

Who discovered cells?

A

Robert Hooke.

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3
Q

What year were cells discovered?

A

1665

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4
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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5
Q

What examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

Plant cells, animal cells and fungi.

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6
Q

What are features of eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Specialisation
  • Surrounded by extracellular fluid
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm‐ contains cytosol and organelles
  • Organelles – some are membrane bound
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
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7
Q

What is the size of eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100um

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8
Q

What is the size of prokaryotic cells?

A

1-10um

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9
Q

What are the features of prokaryotic cells?

A
  • No nucleus (Nucleoid region)
  • Cytoplasm
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • More primitive
  • Structures external to the plasma membrane
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10
Q

What does the cyptoplam consist of?

A

Cytosol and organelles.

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11
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Intracellular fluid without the organelles.

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12
Q

What are the two types of organelles?

A

Membranous and non membranous

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13
Q

What are examples of membranous organelles?

A

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, perioxisomes, mitochondria

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14
Q

What are examples of non membranous organelles?

A

Cytoskeleton, microvilli, cilia, centrioles, ribosomes

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15
Q

What is the four main roles of the cytoskeleton?

A

To give cell shape, strength, flexibility, internal organisation.

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16
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.

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17
Q

What is the smallest cytoskeleton element?

A

Microfilaments

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18
Q

What is the size of microfilaments?

A

6nm diameter.

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19
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

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20
Q

What is a microfilament?

A

Common periphery of a cell.

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21
Q

What is the function of a microfilament?

A

Provide strength and flexibility, anchor integral proteins, attach plasma membrane to cytoplasm.

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22
Q

What is the largest cytoskeleton element?

A

Microtubules.

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23
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin.

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24
Q

What is a microtubule?

A

Extends outwards to the perphiary.

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25
What is the size of a microtubule?
25nm.
26
What is the role of a microtubule?
Provides strength and rigidity, cell shape, anchor for most organelle and major role in cell division.
27
What are microvilli?
Projection from the plasma membrane.
28
What is the role of plasma membrane?
Increase surface area and absorption.
29
What does microvilli have with the cytoskeleton?
Extensive connection.
30
What are flagellum/flagella?
Motile structures.
31
What action does flagellum/flagella do?
Whip-like
32
What is cilium/cilia?
Motile structures
33
What action does cilium/cilia do?
Beating action.
34
What is cilium/cilia anchored to?
Anchored to basal body.
35
What are centrioles formed from?
Microtubules.
36
What do centrioles do?
Aid in cell division by helping to move chromosomes.
37
What is in centrioles?
Cilia and Flagellae.
38
What are ribosomes made of?
60% RNA and 40% protein.
39
What is the size of a ribosome?
25-30nm.
40
What is a ribosome assembled?
In the nucleolous.
41
What does the ribosome consist of?
Small and large units.
42
What is the role of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis.
43
Are ribosomes attached or free?
Can be either.
44
Where is the endomembrane system?
It is in the cyptoplasm.
45
What is the endomembrane system?
It is a system of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae.
46
What does the endomembrane system consist of?
* A nuclear envelope * Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum * Golgi apparatus * Transport vesicles * Vacuoles * Lysosomes * Plasma membrane
47
What does the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
Manufactures proteins and bio-synthetic functions.
48
What does golgi apparatus?
5 or 6 flattened membrane discs
49
What does the golgi appratus do?
Packaging, lysosome function
50
What are lysosomes?
They are digestive compartments.
51
What are lysosomes formed by?
The golgi apparatus.
52
What is the lysosomes role?
Intercellular digestion, recycling and cell destruction.
53
What do secretory proteins do?
* Travel to periphery * Fuse with plasma membrane * Release contents outside the cell
54
Where do other proteins go?
Transported to other parts of the cell.
55
What is the role of mitochondria?
Cellular respiration (produces ATP)
56
What type of membrane does mitochondria have?
Double membrane
57
What does mitochondria have?
Matrix and cristae
58
What type of DNA does mitochondria have?
Circular DNA.
59
What is the nucleus?
The control centre for the cell.
60
What does the nucleus store?
Genetic information
61
How many nucleus do most cells have?
1
62
What does the nucleus feature?
* Nuclear envelope * Nucleoplasm * Nuclear pores * Chromatin (DNA and proteins) * Chromosomes during cell division
63
How many nucleolus can there be?
1
64
What does nucleolus do?
* Synthesise rRNA | * Assemble ribosomes, RNA, enzymes and histones
65
What cells have a plasma membrane?
All cells have a plasma membrane.
66
What is the plasma membrane?
Selective barrier between the internal and external environment.
67
What does the plasma membrane do?
Isolates, protection and support.
68
What is the plasma membrane?
Amphipathic.
69
What does the plasma membrane provide isolation from?
The environment.
70
What does the plasma membrane compartmentalise?
Cells, and organelles.
71
What does the plasma membrane regulate?
Of what comes in/out of cells/organelles.
72
What does the plasma membrane identify?
Other cells, foreign bodies.
73
What does the plasma membrane communicate?
Between cells.
74
What does the plasma membrane connect?
Between cells.
75
Why does the plasma membrane provide a stable framework?
For ribsomes to work on.
76
What does the membrane look like?
Rail road, two clear lines seperated by distinct lines.
77
How thick is the double membrane?
7-9nm.
78
What is the structure of the phosolipid bilayer?
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
79
Where is the hydrophilic head?
outside
80
Where is the hydrophobic bottom?
inside
81
What is the role of cholestrol in the membrane?
1. Make the membrane stronger by making the lipid bylayer less deformable and more rigid. 2. Increase membrane permeability to non-polar molecules –decrease permeability to small water-soluble molecules 3. Without cholesterol a cell would need wall.
82
What do integral proteins do?
Span the membrane or can extend the pathway.
83
Are peripherial proteins embedded in the phosolipid layer?
No
84
What are the functions of plasma proteins?
1. Channels 2. Enzymes 3. Signal transduction 4. Cell-Cell Recognition 5. Intercellular joining 6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

LFS103 (9 decks)

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