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LFS103 > Week 4 Lecture: Levels of Organisation > Flashcards

Week 4 Lecture: Levels of Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life; the basic unit of both structure and function of living organisms.

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2
Q

Who discovered cells?

A

Robert Hooke.

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3
Q

What year were cells discovered?

A

1665

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4
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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5
Q

What examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

Plant cells, animal cells and fungi.

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6
Q

What are features of eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Specialisation
  • Surrounded by extracellular fluid
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm‐ contains cytosol and organelles
  • Organelles – some are membrane bound
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
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7
Q

What is the size of eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100um

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8
Q

What is the size of prokaryotic cells?

A

1-10um

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9
Q

What are the features of prokaryotic cells?

A
  • No nucleus (Nucleoid region)
  • Cytoplasm
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • More primitive
  • Structures external to the plasma membrane
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10
Q

What does the cyptoplam consist of?

A

Cytosol and organelles.

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11
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Intracellular fluid without the organelles.

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12
Q

What are the two types of organelles?

A

Membranous and non membranous

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13
Q

What are examples of membranous organelles?

A

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, perioxisomes, mitochondria

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14
Q

What are examples of non membranous organelles?

A

Cytoskeleton, microvilli, cilia, centrioles, ribosomes

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15
Q

What is the four main roles of the cytoskeleton?

A

To give cell shape, strength, flexibility, internal organisation.

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16
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.

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17
Q

What is the smallest cytoskeleton element?

A

Microfilaments

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18
Q

What is the size of microfilaments?

A

6nm diameter.

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19
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

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20
Q

What is a microfilament?

A

Common periphery of a cell.

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21
Q

What is the function of a microfilament?

A

Provide strength and flexibility, anchor integral proteins, attach plasma membrane to cytoplasm.

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22
Q

What is the largest cytoskeleton element?

A

Microtubules.

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23
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin.

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24
Q

What is a microtubule?

A

Extends outwards to the perphiary.

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25
Q

What is the size of a microtubule?

A

25nm.

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26
Q

What is the role of a microtubule?

A

Provides strength and rigidity, cell shape, anchor for most organelle and major role in cell division.

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27
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Projection from the plasma membrane.

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28
Q

What is the role of plasma membrane?

A

Increase surface area and absorption.

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29
Q

What does microvilli have with the cytoskeleton?

A

Extensive connection.

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30
Q

What are flagellum/flagella?

A

Motile structures.

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31
Q

What action does flagellum/flagella do?

A

Whip-like

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32
Q

What is cilium/cilia?

A

Motile structures

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33
Q

What action does cilium/cilia do?

A

Beating action.

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34
Q

What is cilium/cilia anchored to?

A

Anchored to basal body.

35
Q

What are centrioles formed from?

A

Microtubules.

36
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

Aid in cell division by helping to move chromosomes.

37
Q

What is in centrioles?

A

Cilia and Flagellae.

38
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

60% RNA and 40% protein.

39
Q

What is the size of a ribosome?

A

25-30nm.

40
Q

What is a ribosome assembled?

A

In the nucleolous.

41
Q

What does the ribosome consist of?

A

Small and large units.

42
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis.

43
Q

Are ribosomes attached or free?

A

Can be either.

44
Q

Where is the endomembrane system?

A

It is in the cyptoplasm.

45
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

It is a system of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae.

46
Q

What does the endomembrane system consist of?

A
  • A nuclear envelope
  • Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Transport vesicles
  • Vacuoles
  • Lysosomes
  • Plasma membrane
47
Q

What does the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Manufactures proteins and bio-synthetic functions.

48
Q

What does golgi apparatus?

A

5 or 6 flattened membrane discs

49
Q

What does the golgi appratus do?

A

Packaging, lysosome function

50
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

They are digestive compartments.

51
Q

What are lysosomes formed by?

A

The golgi apparatus.

52
Q

What is the lysosomes role?

A

Intercellular digestion, recycling and cell destruction.

53
Q

What do secretory proteins do?

A
  • Travel to periphery
  • Fuse with plasma membrane
  • Release contents outside the cell
54
Q

Where do other proteins go?

A

Transported to other parts of the cell.

55
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration (produces ATP)

56
Q

What type of membrane does mitochondria have?

A

Double membrane

57
Q

What does mitochondria have?

A

Matrix and cristae

58
Q

What type of DNA does mitochondria have?

A

Circular DNA.

59
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The control centre for the cell.

60
Q

What does the nucleus store?

A

Genetic information

61
Q

How many nucleus do most cells have?

A

1

62
Q

What does the nucleus feature?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Nuclear pores
  • Chromatin (DNA and proteins)
  • Chromosomes during cell division
63
Q

How many nucleolus can there be?

A

1

64
Q

What does nucleolus do?

A
  • Synthesise rRNA

* Assemble ribosomes, RNA, enzymes and histones

65
Q

What cells have a plasma membrane?

A

All cells have a plasma membrane.

66
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Selective barrier between the internal and external environment.

67
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Isolates, protection and support.

68
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Amphipathic.

69
Q

What does the plasma membrane provide isolation from?

A

The environment.

70
Q

What does the plasma membrane compartmentalise?

A

Cells, and organelles.

71
Q

What does the plasma membrane regulate?

A

Of what comes in/out of cells/organelles.

72
Q

What does the plasma membrane identify?

A

Other cells, foreign bodies.

73
Q

What does the plasma membrane communicate?

A

Between cells.

74
Q

What does the plasma membrane connect?

A

Between cells.

75
Q

Why does the plasma membrane provide a stable framework?

A

For ribsomes to work on.

76
Q

What does the membrane look like?

A

Rail road, two clear lines seperated by distinct lines.

77
Q

How thick is the double membrane?

A

7-9nm.

78
Q

What is the structure of the phosolipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

79
Q

Where is the hydrophilic head?

A

outside

80
Q

Where is the hydrophobic bottom?

A

inside

81
Q

What is the role of cholestrol in the membrane?

A
  1. Make the membrane stronger by making the lipid bylayer less deformable and more rigid.
  2. Increase membrane permeability to non-polar molecules –decrease permeability to small water-soluble molecules
  3. Without cholesterol a cell would need wall.
82
Q

What do integral proteins do?

A

Span the membrane or can extend the pathway.

83
Q

Are peripherial proteins embedded in the phosolipid layer?

A

No

84
Q

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

A
  1. Channels
  2. Enzymes
  3. Signal transduction
  4. Cell-Cell Recognition
  5. Intercellular joining
  6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

LFS103 (9 decks)

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