Week 4 Lecture Flashcards
What is extrinsic motivation?
An environmentally created reason to initiate or persist in an action
What are the characteristics of extrinsic motivation?
- Quasi-needs
- Incentives vs. consequences
- Operant conditioning
What are quasi needs?
An ephemeral, SITUATIONALLY INDUCED desire that creates a tense energy to engage rather immediately and impulsively in that specific behaviour that is capable of reducing the situationally induced built-up tension
What are the characteristics of quasi-needs?
- Resemble needs, bc they affect how we think, feel, and act
- *Originate from situational demands & pressure
- *Deficiency-oriented and situationally reactive
- Strength of quasi-needs depends on situation’s pressure and demand
- Such needs tend to be socially constructed/derived
- Not “truly” essential for growth, well-being, and life
What are incentives?
- Envmtal event that ATTRACTS/REPELS a person toward/away from initiating a particular course of action
- Comes BEFORE the action
- Attractive incentives –> Approach behaviour
- Aversive incentives –> Avoidance behaviour
What are consequences?
- Comes AFTER the action
- Reinforcers: Increases future probability of action
- Punishers: Reduces future probability of action
- Rewards: Something of value that is given in exchange, but may not necessarily increase future probability of action
What are reinforcers? What are the types of reinforcers?
Reinforcers: INCREASES probability of future action
Negative reinforcer: When REMOVED after action
Positive reinforcer: When PRESENTED after action
What are punishers? What are the types of punishers?
Punishers: DECREASE probability of future action
Response cost punisher: When REMOVED after action
Aversive punisher: When PRESENTED after action
Describe extrinsic motivation.
- Compliance, easier to manage, focal outcome is predictable
- Undermines intrinsic motivation (esp. expected & tangible rewards)
- Interferes with process of learning as focus is on the external stimulus
- Reduces capacity (freq. & extent) of autonomous self-regulation (aka reward dependency)
- VERY USEFUL for tasks that are uninteresting
- Tend to focus on hedonic pleasures
Describe intrinsic motivation.
- Initiative, harder to manage, more varied outcome
- Increase engagement (behaviour, emotion, & cognition) and increase creativity
- Better learning and skills development
- Optimal functioning and effectiveness
- Better overall well-being and personal growth
- Tasks have to be (or be made) interesting
- Tend to focus on eudemonic goals
What is discrepancy? How does it work?
Discrepancy: Between ideal state and present state
Discrepancy has motivational properties
What are the types of discrepancy?
Discrepancy reduction
- Based on a feedback system that underlies corrective motivation
- Is reactive and deficiency overcoming
Discrepancy creation
- Based on a “feed-forward” system in which the person looks forward a future higher goal
- Is proactive and growth pursuing
What is the Test-Operate-Test-Exit (TOTE) model?
Test: Compare present state with ideal state
If incongruous:
Operate: Act on envmt to realise ideal state
Test: Compare present state with ideal state
If incongruous: Operate again
If congruous: Exit (Present state and ideal state are congruous)
According to Locke, what is a goal?
A future-focused cognitive representation of a desired end state
What is Locke’s Model of Goal Setting?
Goals motivate the individual by…
- Directing attention
- Regulating effort (energising function)
- Increasing persistence
- Discovering and using task-relevant knowledge
- Encouraging the development of goal-attainment strategies or action plans
Leading to task performance
