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HEMA > Week 4 Lec: Hematopoietic System > Flashcards

Week 4 Lec: Hematopoietic System Flashcards

1
Q

During the maturation of normal blood cells, changes will occur in terms of their?

A
  • size
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • chromatin
  • granules
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2
Q

2 major cytoplasmic changes?

A

a. Loss of basophilia
b. Cytoplasmic granules

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3
Q

The cytoplasm of an immature cell is usually _____ or _____ due to RNA content.

A

blue or basophilic

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4
Q

The cytoplasm of an immature cell is usually blue or basophilic due to?

A

RNA content

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5
Q

Mature cells are less basophilic due to?

A

less RNA content

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6
Q

Because mature cells are less basophilic, the color of their cytoplasm would appear?

A

pale

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7
Q

In _______ cells, the cytoplasm contains granules.

A

myeloid

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8
Q

The granules in the cytoplasm of myeloid cells contain some ______ which distinguishes the myeloid stem cells from other cells.

A

enzyme

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9
Q

Red (acidic) dye is also known as?

A

acidophilic or eosinophilic

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10
Q

Blue (basic) dye is also known as?

A

basophilic

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11
Q

Neutrophilic granules are a combination of?

A

basic and acidic dye

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12
Q

Myeloid cells come from what type of progenitors?

A

Common myeloid progenitors

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13
Q

Neutrophilic granules are commonly seen in?

A

neutrophils

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14
Q

A special feature of the maturation of erythrocyte cells.

A

Elaboration of hemoglobin

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15
Q

The series of maturation for erythrocytes consists of how many series?

A

6

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16
Q

At first, immature cells contain?

A

no hemoglobin

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17
Q

At the mature stage, the nucleus is apparently no longer necessary and eliminated by ______ or ______.

A

nucleolysis or extrusion

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18
Q

Example of nucleolysis/extrusion?

A

Erythrocytes/mature RBCs are anucleated cells. They do not need the nucleus anymore when they mature, so they undergo nucleolysis.

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19
Q

2 major nuclear changes?

A

a. Structure and Cytochemistry
b. Shape Changes

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20
Q

Shape of an immature nucleus?

A

round or oval

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21
Q

Term used to describe the nuclear chromatin of an immature nucleus that is very delicate, fine, linear, and uncondensed.

A

Euchromatin

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22
Q

The euchromatin gives off what color?

A

pale, blue color

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23
Q

As the cells mature, chromatin strands become increasingly coarse and clumped, and are now called?

A

Heterochromatin

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24
Q

What color is the heterochromatin?

A

dark stain/dark color

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25
Q

True or false: As the cell matures, the shape of the nucleus changes too.

A

True

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26
Q

A type of cell in which in which the nucleus divides into segments or lobes as it grows older.

A

Granulocytes

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27
Q

True or false: The older the cell, the fewer segments or lobes the nucleus has.

A

False. The older the cell, the more segments or lobes the nucleus has.

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28
Q

Example of cells that have segments or lobes in the nucleus.

A

Neutrophils

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29
Q

Neutrophils have 2-5 lobes, but some can have 6, 7, 8, 9, or even 10 lobes. When this happens, the neutrophil is called?

A

hypersegmented neutrophil

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30
Q

Neutrophils become hypersegmented because?

A

the cell is too old/matured already

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31
Q

Hypersgemented neutrophils can be an indication of what disorder?

A

megaloblastic anemia: presence of hypersegmented neutrophils

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32
Q

Reduction in cell size is a feature of all cells except in the?

A

megakaryocytic series, in which the immature cell is smaller than the fully developed megakaryocyte

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33
Q

True or false: Generally speaking, a mature cell is smaller than immature cells.

A

True

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34
Q

The Principle of Normal Blood Cell Maturation is also called?

A

Synchronistic Maturation

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35
Q

Synchronistic Maturation involves 3 major changes?

A
  1. Cytoplasmic Changes
  2. Nuclear Changes
  3. Reduction in Cell Size
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36
Q

The Principle of Abormal Cell Maturation is also called?

A

Asynchronistic Maturation

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37
Q

Asynchronistic Maturation involves 3 major changes?

A
  1. Abnormal Cytoplasmic Differentiation
  2. Abnormal Nuclear Maturation
  3. Abnormal Size
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38
Q

In erythrocytes, abnormal cytoplasmic differentiation is characterized by __________________.

A

persistent cytoplasmic basophilia and late hemoglobinization

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39
Q

Abnormal cytoplasmic inclusion bodies may be found in the cytoplasm of both erythrocytes and leukocytes, especially in the ________.

A

granulocytes

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40
Q

True or false: RBCs normally have inclusion bodies.

A

False. Normal RBCs do not have inclusion bodies.

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41
Q

Examples of inclusion bodies that can be present in RBCs?

A
  • Howell jolly bodies
  • Pappenheimer bodies
  • Heinz bodies
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42
Q

Example of inclusion bodies that can be present in WBCs?

A
  • Alder-Reilly bodies
  • Auer rods/bodies
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43
Q

In leukemia, the other severe disturbances, two nuclei may be present; one may be _____ and the other may be _____.

A

diploid; polypoid

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44
Q

The nucleus in abnormal nuclear maturation may be _________ or __________.

A

hypersegmented; hyposegmented

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45
Q

In abnormal nuclear maturation, the ________ nucleus takes a longer time to mature than its cytoplasm.

A

megalocyte

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46
Q

Hyposegmented neutrophils, in which nuclei of neutrophils have only 1 segmentation, can be associated with what condition?

A

Pelger Huet Anomaly

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47
Q

What is the problem seen in people with Pelger Huet Anomaly?

A

lack of Lamin B results to hyposegmentation of neutrophils

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48
Q

Abnormally large cells are frequently seen in __________________.

A

benign or malignant proliferation

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49
Q

In erythrocytes series of asynchronistic maturation, the _______ are larger than normal mature erythrocytes.

A

megaloblasts

50
Q

Three types of Human Stem Cells?

A
  1. Totipotential stem cells
  2. Pluripotential stem cells
  3. Multipotential stem cells
51
Q

These stem cells are present in the first few hours after an ovum is fertilized.

A

Totipotential stem cells

52
Q

Most versatile type of stem cell; can develop into any human cell type, including development from embryo into fetus.

A

Totipotential stem cells

53
Q

These stem cells are present several days after fertilization.

A

Pluripotential stem cells

54
Q

These stem cells can develop into any cell type, except they cannot develop into a fetus.

A

Pluripotential stem cells

55
Q

These stem cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. They can be found in adults, but they are limited to specific types of cells to form tissues. For example, bone marrow stem cells can produce all types of blood cells, bone cartilage, and adipose (fat) cells.

A

Multipotential stem cells

56
Q

Series of maturation: All the blasts (immature cells) can only be found in the?

A

bone marrow

57
Q

Series of maturation: The mature cells are found in the?

A

peripheral circulation

58
Q

Series of maturation: Reticulocytes can stay in the peripheral blood for _____ and bone marrow for _____.

A

1 day; 1-2 days

59
Q

Series of maturation: (True or False) Stabs are immature but can still be seen in the peripheral circulation.

A

True

60
Q

Series of maturation: _____ or _____ is the first recognizable erythroid precursor.

A

rubriblast/pronormoblast

61
Q

The multipotential stem cell divides into two progenitors, namely?

A

common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor

62
Q

Granulopoiesis occurs under what type of progenitor?

A

common myeloid progenitor

63
Q

The first recognizable cell in the series of granulopoiesis is?

A

myeloblast

64
Q

General characteristics of blast: size?

A

large cell with high N:C ratio (nucleus to cytoplasm ratio)

65
Q

General characteristics of blast: cytoplasm?

A

very dark blue and small in amount in comparison to the size of the nucleus; no granular is present

66
Q

General characteristics of blast: nucleus?

A

large in size as compared to the size of cytoplasm; chromatin which is reddish purple and indicates predominance of DNA

67
Q

Why is the cytoplasm very dark blue in blasts?

A

due to high RNA content

68
Q

Components of the Hematopoietic System?

A

• Erythropoiesis
• Granulopoiesis
• Monopoiesis
• Lymphopoiesis
• Megakaryopoiesis

69
Q

Production of red blood cells is called?

A

Erythropoiesis

70
Q

Production of granulocytes, including basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils is called?

A

Granulopoiesis

71
Q

Production of monocytes is called?

A

Monopoiesis

72
Q

Production of lymphocytes is called?

A

Lymphopoiesis

73
Q

Production of megakaryocytes to platelets is called?

A

Megakaryopoiesis

74
Q

Is a process by which erythroid precursor cells differentiates to become mature.

A

Erythropoiesis

75
Q

The primary regulator of the erythropoiesis is?

A

Erythropoietin

76
Q

Function of erythropoietin?

A

it stimulates the production of RBCs

77
Q

N:C ratio in Pronormoblast (Rubriblast)?

A

8:1

78
Q

The nucleus shape of Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) is _____, containing _____ nucleoli.

A

round to oval, one or two

79
Q

The chromatin in the nucleus of Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) is _____ in color, open, and contains _____.

A

purple red; few, fine clumps

80
Q

The cytoplasm of Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) is _____ because of the __________.

A

dark blue because of the concentration of ribosomes

81
Q

The pronormoblast is present only in the _____ in healthy states.

A

bone marrow

82
Q

The pronormoblast begins to accumulate the components necessary for __________.

A

hemoglobin production

83
Q

In the pronormoblast, the proteins and enzymes necessary for _____ and _____ are produced.

A

iron uptake, protoporphyrin synthesis

84
Q

Globin production begins in the?

A

Pronormoblast (Rubriblast)

85
Q

The Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) lasts slightly more than _______.

A

24 hours

86
Q

Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) will give rise to _____ via _____.

A

2 prorubricytes; mitosis

87
Q

Basophilic normoblast or prorubricyte gives rise to _____ via _____?

A

4 rubricytes; mitosis

88
Q

Nucleus of basophilic normoblast or prorubricyte:
a. chromatin begins to?
b. N:C ratio?
c. chromatin stains what color?
d. is nucleoli present?

A

a. condense
b. 6:1
c. deep purple-red
d. yes in the early stage, but may disappear later

89
Q

The prorubricyte is mistaken as the?

A

rubriblast

90
Q

To differentiate prorubricytes from rubriblasts, what are the characteristic features of prorubricytes?

A
  • Prorubricyte has coarse chromatins
  • Absence of nucleoli
91
Q

Cytoplasm of prorubricyte stains?

A

deeper, richer blue than pronormoblast

92
Q

The basophilic normoblast/prorubricyte is present only in the _____ in healthy states.

A

bone marrow

93
Q

What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?

First stage of hemoglobin synthesis: Detectable hemoglobin synthesis occurs, but the many cytoplasmic organelles, including ribosomes and a substantial amount of messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA; chiefly for hemoglobin production), completely mask the minute amount of hemoglobin pigmentation.

A

Basophilic Normoblast (Prorubricyte)

94
Q

What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?

The chromatin pattern in the nucleus varies during this stage of development, showing some openness early in the stage but becoming condensed by the end.

A

Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast
(Rubricyte)

95
Q

The condensation of chromatin in rubricyte reduces the diameter of the nucleus considerably, so the N:C ratio decreases from ___ to about ___ by the end of the stage.

A

4:1, 1:1

96
Q

True or false: Nucleoli are present in rubricytes.

A

False. No nucleoli are present.

97
Q

Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast (Rubricyte) will give rise to _____ via _____.

A

2 metarubricytes; mitosis

98
Q

The rubricyte is mistaken as the?

A

lymphocyte

99
Q

To differentiate rubricytes from lymphocytes and vice versa, what are the characteristic features of each?

A
  • lymphocytes have crushed, velvet nucleus
  • lymphocyte cytoplasm is sky blue in color
  • rubricytes have checker board nucleus
  • rubricyte cytoplasm is muddy or gray in color
100
Q

This is the last stage in erythropoiesis in which the cell is capable of undergoing mitosis.

A

Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast
(Rubricyte)

101
Q

The first stage wherein the cytoplasm becomes pink occurs in what stage of erythropoiesis?

A

Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast
(Rubricyte)

102
Q

The polychromatic normoblast/rubricyte is present only in the _____ in healthy states.

A

bone marrow

103
Q

Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast (Rubricyte) lasts approximately ______.

A

30 hours

104
Q

Nucleus of Orthochromic Normoblast (Metarubricyte) is?

A

completely condensed

105
Q

N:C ratio of Orthochromic Normoblast (Metarubricyte)?

A

1:2

106
Q

What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?

The increase in the salmon-pink color of the cytoplasm reflects nearly complete hemoglobin production.

A

Orthochromic Normoblast (Metarubricyte)

107
Q

True or false: The orthochromic normoblast is not capable of division due to the condensation of the chromatin.

A

True

108
Q

The orthochromic normoblast is present only in the ________ in healthy states.

A

bone marrow

109
Q

This cell in the process of erythropoiesis has no nucleus but has mitochondria and ribosomes.

A

Reticulocyte

110
Q

What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?

Last stage to synthesize hemoglobin and last stage in bone marrow before release to the blood.

A

Reticulocyte

111
Q

Reticulocyte is also called as?

A
  • Polychromatic erythrocytes
  • Polychromatophilic erythrocytes
  • Diffusely basophilic erythrocytes
  • Polychromatophilic macrocytes
112
Q

Reference range of reticulocytes in adults and newborn?

A

0.5-1.5% in adults, newborn: 2-6%

113
Q

What stain is used for reticulocytes?

A

Supravital stain and Bromocresol green

114
Q

_________ is one of the best indicators of bone marrow functions.

A

Reiculocyte count

115
Q

What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?

No nucleus is present.

A

Erythrocyte

116
Q

The mature circulating erythrocyte is a biconcave disc measuring ____ mm in diameter, with a thickness of about ____ mm.

A

7 to 8; 1.5 to 2.5

117
Q

On a stained blood film, erythrocyte appears as:

A

a salmon pink-staining cell with a central pale area

118
Q

The central pallor of the erythrocyte is about _____ the diameter of the cell.

A

one third

119
Q

True or false: The erythrocyte can divide.

A

False. The erythrocyte cannot divide because they are already mature cells.

120
Q

RBCs remain active in circulation for approximately?

A

120 days

121
Q

Aging of erythrocytes leads to their removal by the?

A

spleen

122
Q

Cellular activity of erythrocytes?

A

The mature erythrocyte delivers oxygen to tissues, releases it, and returns to the lung to be reoxygenated.

HEMA (13 decks)

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