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HEMA > Week 3 Lec: Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Week 3 Lec: Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

When does hematopoiesis stop?

A

only after death

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2
Q

It is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production.

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

Hematopoiesis is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production that includes?

A
  • cell renewal
  • proliferation
  • differentiation
  • maturation
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4
Q

What are the two developments of hematopoiesis?

A
  1. Pre-natal
  2. Post-natal
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5
Q

Pre-natal development is also called as?

A

Embryonic/Fetal Development

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6
Q

Post-natal development is also called as?

A

Adult Development

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7
Q

3 phases of pre-natal development?

A

Mesoblastic, Hepatic, and Medullary phase

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8
Q

Other name for mesoblastic phase?

A

Primitive hematopoiesis/Yolk sac phase

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9
Q

When does the mesoblastic phase begin?

A

begins around the 19th day of embryonic development after fertilization

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10
Q

Primitive erythrocytes from the mesoblastic phase arise from?

A

mesodermal cells

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11
Q

The cells from the mesoderm migrate to the _________ and become primitive erythrocytes.

A

yolk sac

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12
Q

Transient yolk sac erythroblasts are important in early ________ to produce ________ .

A

embryogenesis; hemoglobin

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13
Q

What are the 3 embryonic hemoglobins that are important in transporting oxygen?

A

Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland

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14
Q

What globin chain starts its production at the mesoblastic phase?

A

Alpha globin chain

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15
Q

Globin chain combination of Gower I?

A

2 epsilon, 2 zeta

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16
Q

Globin chain combination of Gower II?

A

2 alpha, 2 epsilon

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17
Q

Globin chain combination of Portland?

A

2 zeta, 2 gamma

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18
Q

If the globin chain combination has only 1 instead of 2 epsilons, for example, what condition could occur?

A

Thalassemia

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19
Q

Other name for hepatic phase?

A

Definitive hematopoiesis

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20
Q

When does hepatic phase begin?

A

begins at 5 to 7 gestational weeks

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21
Q

The hepatic phase is characterized by?

A

recognizable clusters of developing erythroblasts, granulocytes, and monocytes colonizing the fetal liver, thymus, spleen, placenta

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22
Q

The developing erythroblasts signal the beginning of __________ with a decline in __________ of the yolk sac.

A

definitive hematopoiesis; primitive hematopoiesis

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23
Q

Hematopoiesis during hepatic phase occurs __________, with the _____ remaining the major site of hematopoiesis during the second trimester of fetal life.

A

extravascularly; liver

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24
Q

What type of hemoglobin is present during the hepatic phase?

A

Hemoglobin F and A

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25
Q

The developing _____,_____,_____, and _____ contribute to the hematopoietic process during hepatic phase.

A

spleen, kidney, thymus, and lymph nodes

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26
Q

_____, the first fully developed organ in the fetus, is the major site of _____.

A

Thymus; T cell production

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27
Q

_____ produce B cells during hepatic phase.

A

Kidney and Spleen

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28
Q

Kidney and Spleen produce _____ during hepatic phase.

A

B cells

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29
Q

Globin chain combination of Hemoglobin F?

A

2 alpha, 2 gamma

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30
Q

During the _____ month of fetal development, hematopoiesis begins in the bone marrow cavity.

A

fifth

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31
Q

During the fifth month of fetal development, hematopoiesis begins in the ________.

A

bone marrow cavity

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32
Q

Other name for medullary phase?

A

Myeloid phase

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33
Q

Hematopoietic activity, especially myeloid activity, is apparent during this stage of development, and the myeloid-to-erythroid ratio gradually approaches __________.

A

3:1 (adult levels)

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34
Q

Measurable levels of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ can be detected during medullary phase.

A

erythropoietin (EPO)
(G-CSF)
(GM-CSF)
hemoglobins F and A

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35
Q

A growth factor stimulating the production of RBC.

A

Erythropoietin

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36
Q

Where is the source of erythropoietin?

A

Kidney

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37
Q

They stimulate the production of granulocytes.

A

G-CSF and GM-CSF

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38
Q

Chief site of the medullary phase?

A

bone marrow

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39
Q

Globin chain combination of Hemoglobin A?

A

2 alpha, 2 beta

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40
Q

Globin chain combination of Hemoglobin A2?

A

2 alpha, 2 delta

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41
Q

What is the degradation product of hemoglobin A?

A

Hemoglobin A2

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42
Q

In adults, hematopoietic tissue is located in the?

A

– bone marrow
– lymph nodes
– spleen, liver
– thymus

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43
Q

The bone marrow of adults contain developing?

A

erythroid, myeloid, megakaryocytic, and lymphoid cells

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44
Q

What do you call the hematopoietic cells responsible for RBCs?

A

erythroid

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45
Q

What do you call the hematopoietic cells responsible for granulocytes?

A

myeloid

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46
Q

What do you call the hematopoietic cells responsible for the production of platelets?

A

megakaryocytic

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47
Q

Lymphoid development occurs in ______ and _____ lymphoid tissue.

A

primary; secondary

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48
Q

Primary lymphoid tissue is located in?

A

bone marrow and thymus

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49
Q

This is where T and B lymphocytes are derived.

A

Thymus

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50
Q

This is where lymphoid cells respond to foreign antigens.

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue

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51
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissue consists of?

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
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52
Q

Give the primary locations of bone marrow in adult humans.

A

Ribs
Sternum, Skull, Scapula
Vertebra
Pelvis

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53
Q

Organs involved in post-natal development?

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Liver
  3. Spleen
  4. Lymph Nodes
  5. Thymus
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54
Q

It is one of the largest organs in the body.

A

Bone Marrow

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55
Q

Major function of bone marrow?

A

proliferation and production of blood cells

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56
Q

Two major components of Bone Marrow?

A

Red marrow and Yellow marrow

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57
Q

It is the hematopoietically active marrow consisting of the developing blood cells and their progenitors (flat bones of the skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs, vertebrae and pelvis).

A

Red marrow

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58
Q

These are “undifferentiated cells”.

A

progenitors

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59
Q

2 types of progenitors?

A

common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor

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60
Q

4 Main Functions of Red Bone Marrow?

A

– Production of blood cells
– Destruction of erythrocytes
– Iron storage (from Hb breakdown)
– Central organ for B lymphocyte development

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61
Q

It is the hematopoietically inactive marrow composed primarily of adipocytes and (fat cells), with undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophages.

A

Yellow marrow

62
Q

________ becomes abundant during 5 and 7 years of age where they occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by red marrow.

A

Yellow marrow

63
Q

Yellow marrow becomes abundant during ____________ where they occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by red marrow.

A

5 and 7 years of age

64
Q

The process of replacing the active marrow by adipocytes (yellow marrow) during development is called ___________.

A

retrogression

65
Q

Yellow marrow is capable of reverting back to active marrow in cases of increased demand on the bone marrow, such as in _____________.

A

excessive blood loss or hemolysis

66
Q

Plays an important role in stem cell differentiation and proliferation.

A

Hematopoietic Microenvironment

67
Q

It is responsible for supplying semifluid matrix (stroma) that serves as an anchor for the developing hematopoietic cells.

A

Hematopoietic Microenvironment

68
Q

It is a semifluid matrix that serves as an anchor for the developing hematopoietic cells.

A

Stroma

69
Q

Composition of Stroma?

A
  1. Endothelial cells
  2. Adipocytes
  3. Macrophages
  4. Osteoblasts
  5. Osteoclasts
  6. Reticular cells (fibroblasts)
70
Q

They regulate the flow of particles entering and leaving hematopoietic spaces.

A

Endothelial cells

71
Q

They secrete various steroids that influence erythropoiesis and maintain bone integrity and regulates the volume of marrow.

A

Adipocytes

72
Q

They function in phagocytosis and secretion of various cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis.

A

Macrophages

73
Q

They are bone-forming cells that have water bug or comet appearance (plasma cell).

A

Osteoblasts

74
Q

Osteoblasts have a _______ appearance.

A

water bug or comet

75
Q

They are bone resorbing cells or destroying cells.

A

Osteoclasts

76
Q

They support the vascular sinuses and hematopoietic cells.

A

Reticular Cells (fibroblasts)

77
Q

Composition of Extracellular Matrix of BM?

A
  1. Proteoglycans/Glycosaminoglycans
  2. Fibronectin
  3. Collagen
  4. Laminin
  5. Hemonectin
  6. Thrombospondin
78
Q

The composition of the extracellular matrix of the bone marrow are for?

A

adhesion to the hematopoietic environment; if no adhesion takes place, then structural integrity will be destroyed

79
Q

_____ serves as the major site of blood cell production during the second trimester of fetal development.

A

Liver

80
Q

The liver is capable of ___________ hematopoiesis.

A

extra medullary

81
Q

Functions of the liver?

A

– protein synthesis and degradation, coagulation factor synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
– drug and toxin clearance
– iron recycling and storage
– hemoglobin degradation
– enzyme activation
– storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals

82
Q

It is the largest lymphoid organ in the body.

A

Spleen

83
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

It is located directly beneath the diaphragm behind the fundus of the stomach in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen.

84
Q

True or False: The spleen is vital but not essential for life.

A

True

85
Q

Functions of the spleen?

A

– indiscriminate filter of the circulating blood
– serves as a storage site for platelets

86
Q

If there is no spleen, then there is no storage site for platelets, which could result to __________.

A

thrombocytosis

87
Q

3 Regions of Spleen?

A
  1. White pulp
  2. Red pulp
  3. Marginal zone
88
Q

It is the region of the spleen that consists of scattered follicles with germinal centers containing lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

A

White pulp

89
Q

The region of the spleen that is involved in the normal immune system and responds to infection.

A

White pulp

90
Q

It is the region of the spleen composed primarily of vascular sinusoids and sinuses separated.

A

Red pulp

91
Q

The region of the spleen responsible for the removal of old, damaged, and dead RBCs.

A

Red pulp

92
Q

This region of the spleen surrounds the white pulp and forms a reticular meshwork containing blood vessels, macrophages, and specialized B cells.

A

Marginal zone

93
Q

Two methods for removing senescent or abnormal RBCs from the circulation?

A
  1. Culling
  2. Pitting
94
Q

Method of removing RBCs in which cells are phagocytized with subsequent degradation of cell organelles.

A

Culling

95
Q

Method of removing RBCs in which splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from the circulating RBCs.

A

Pitting

96
Q

They are members of lymphatic system located along the lymphatic capillaries.

A

Lymph Nodes

97
Q

Shape and size of lymph nodes?

A

bean-shaped structures (1-5 mm)

98
Q

Functions of lymph nodes?

A
  1. Play a role in the formation of new lymphocytes from germinal centers.
  2. Involved in the processing of specific Ig.
  3. Involved in the filtration of particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph.
99
Q

3 regions of the lymph nodes?

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Paracortex
100
Q

The outer region of the lymph node that contains follicles of B cells.

A

Cortex

101
Q

The cortical region of some follicles develop foci of activated B cell proliferation called ______.

A

germinal centers

102
Q

The inner region of the lymph node that consists primarily of T lymphocytes and plasma cells.

A

Medulla

103
Q

The region between cortex and medulla that contains predominantly T cells and numerous macrophage.

A

Paracortex

104
Q

This organ originates from endodermal and mesenchymal tissues.

A

Thymus

105
Q

Thymus originates from _____ and _____.

A

endodermal and mesenchymal tissues

106
Q

It is an efficient, well-developed organ at birth that consist of two lobules each measuring 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter.

A

Thymus

107
Q

Is the organ responsible in the conditioning of T lymphocytes.

A

Thymus

108
Q

They are cells that have extensive proliferative capacity.

A

Stem cell

109
Q

Stem cells have the ability to?

A
  • Ability to give rise to new stem cell
  • Ability to differentiate into any blood cells lines
110
Q

___ and ___ are capable of producing all types of blood cells.

A

HSC; BMC

111
Q

Stem cells differentiate into one or another type of committed stem cells called ________.

A

progenitor cells

112
Q

3 Possible Activities of HSCs?

A
  1. Self-renewal
  2. Differentiation
  3. Apoptosis
113
Q

It refers to programmed cell death. A normal physiologic process that eliminates unwanted, abnormal, or harmful cells.

A

Apoptosis

114
Q

Two theories describing the origin of hematopoietic progenitor cells?

A
  1. Monophyletic Theory
  2. Polyphyletic Theory
115
Q

This theory is what we currently use and suggests that all blood cells derived from a single progenitor stem cell called pluripotent HSC.

A

Monophyletic Theory

116
Q

Monophyletic theory is what we currently use and suggests that all blood cells derived from a single progenitor stem cell called ________.

A

pluripotent HSC

117
Q

This theory suggests that each of the blood cell lineage is derived from its own unique stem cell.

A

Polyphyletic Theory

118
Q

Enumerate the Hematopoietic Growth Factors.

A
  1. CSF: Colony Stimulating Factors
    a. GM-CSF
    b. G-CSF
    c. M-CSF
    d. Meg-CSF
  2. Erythropoietin (EPO)
  3. Thrombopoietin
119
Q

These hematopoietic growth factors are specific for various cell lines.

A

CSF/Colony Stimulating Factors

120
Q

A pan myeloid growth factor that stimulates Granu, -mono, megakaryocyte, and eosinophil progenitors.

A

GM-CSF/Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

121
Q

Sources of GM-CSF?

A

fibroblast, T cells, and endothelial cells

122
Q

These hematopoietic growth factors stimulate granulocytes production and functional activation.

A

G-CSF/Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

123
Q

Sources of G-CSF?

A

monocytes and fibroblast

124
Q

These hematopoietic growth factors stimulate monocytes and macrophages production activity.

A

M-CSF/Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

125
Q

Sources of M-CSF?

A

monocytes, fibroblast, and endothelial cells

126
Q

Sources of Meg-CSF/Megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor?

A

mono, fibroblast, and megakaryocytes

127
Q

This hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates proliferation, growth and differentiation of erythroid precursors and may have minor effects on megakaryocytes.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

128
Q

Target cells of erythropoietin?

A

pronormoblast and CFU-Erythroid (Colony forming unit-erythroid) cells

129
Q

Source of EPO?

A

kidney

130
Q

Hypoxia causes increased?

A

EPO production

131
Q

Increased EPO production is caused by?

A

hypoxia

132
Q

This hematopoietic growth factor regulates production of platelets.

A

Thrombopoietin

133
Q

Source of thrombopoietin?

A

Mainly liver, but few is in the kidney

134
Q

The entry of mature blood cells into the intravascular space relies upon?

A
  1. Multiplication of developing cells
  2. Gradual maturation
  3. Orderly release of cell from bone marrow
135
Q

It is a group of specific glycoproteins called growth factors that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells.

A

Cytokines

136
Q

Cytokines include?

A
  1. Interluekins (Ils)
  2. Lymphokines
  3. Monokines
  4. Interferons
  5. Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
  6. Chemokines
137
Q

Positive Influence Cytokines include?

A
  1. IL-1
  2. IL-3
  3. IL-6
  4. IL-9
  5. IL-11
  6. GM-CSF
  7. Kit Ligand
138
Q

Interleukin for inflammation?

A

IL-1

139
Q

Interleukin for regulation of growth and diferentiation of hematopoietic progenitors?

A

IL-3

140
Q

Interleukin for infection and platelet production?

A

IL-6

141
Q

Interleukin that promotes mast cell growth and its function.

A

IL-9

142
Q

Interleukin that stimulates erythropoiesis.

A

IL-11

143
Q

Interleukins for the differentiation of platelets.

A

IL-3,6,11

144
Q

Positive influence cytokine for binding?

A

Kit Ligand

145
Q

Negative Influence Cytokines include?

A
  1. Transforming Growth Factor-β
  2. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
  3. Interferons
146
Q

The spleen is also called the _________ because all dead cells travel and stay here.

A

graveyard

147
Q

In a healthy individual, approximately ____ of the total platelet count is sequestered in the spleen.

A

30%

148
Q

The spleen has a rich blood supply receiving approximately ___/min.

A

350 mL

149
Q

During fetal development, the restricted, sequential distribution of cells is initiated in the yolk sac and then progresses in the _______________ region.

A

aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region (mesoblastic phase)

150
Q

Some body organs, such as the thymus, undergo _______ when the human becomes an adult.

A

atrophy

151
Q

Life span of red blood cells/erythrocytes?

A

120 days

HEMA (13 decks)

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