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HEMA > Week 2 Lec: BHE, QAP, BC > Flashcards

Week 2 Lec: BHE, QAP, BC Flashcards

1
Q

Basic screening test and is one of the most frequently ordered laboratory procedure.

A

Complete Blood Count

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2
Q

Gives valuable diagnostic information about the hematologic and other body system, prognosis response to treatment and recovery.

A

Complete Blood Count

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3
Q

Consist of a series of test that determines number, variety, percentage concentration and quality of blood cells.

A

Complete Blood Count

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4
Q

Main inclusions of CBC?

A

Hgb, Hct, RBC and WBC count, Differential Count

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5
Q

What are the RBC parameters?

A

RBC count
HGB
HCT
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW (red blood cell distribution width)
RETIC (reticulocyte count)

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6
Q

What are the platelet parameters?

A

PLT count
MPV

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7
Q

What are WBC parameters?

A

WBC count
NEUT count: % and absolute
LYMPH count: % and absolute
MONO count: % and absolute
EO and BASO count: % and absolute

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8
Q

the main component of erythrocytes; serves as the vehicle for the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Hemoglobin

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9
Q

serves as an important buffer in the extracellular fluid

A

Hemoglobin

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10
Q

Measurement of the concentration of Hgb in the blood.

A

Hemoglobin Determination

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11
Q

Used to screen for disease associated with anemia and to evaluate polycythemia.

A

Hemoglobin Determination

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12
Q

Reagent for hemoglobin determination?

A

drabkin’s reagent

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13
Q

is the ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the volume of whole blood

A

Hematocrit

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14
Q

Hematocrit is also called?

A

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

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15
Q

Hct test is part of the?

A

CBC

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16
Q

This test indirectly measures the RBC mass.

A

Hematocrit Determination

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17
Q

Hematocrit Determination indirectly measures?

A

RBC mass

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18
Q

Results of Hct Test are expressed as the ____________ of packed RBCs in the whole blood.

A

percentage by volume

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19
Q

Aside rom Hb determination, it is also an important measurement in the determination of anemia or polycythemia.

A

Hematocrit Determination

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20
Q

blood test used to find out how many RBCs

A

RBC Count

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21
Q

RBC count is also known as?

A

Erythrocyte count

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22
Q

Why is RBC count imporant?

A

because RBCs contain Hgb which carries oxygen to your body tissues

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23
Q

How is RBC count reported?

A

cells per microliter (μL, mcL, also called cubic millimeter, mm3), milliliter (mL, also called cubic centimeter, or cc), or liter (L)

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24
Q

Increase RBC

A

Polycythemia Vera

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25
Q

Decrease RBC

A

Anemia

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26
Q

WBCs may be counted visually using a microscope and?

A

Hemacytometer

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27
Q

The White Blood Cell count technique is the same as RBC counting, but the typical dilution is?

A

1:20

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28
Q

The diluent in White Blood Cell count is a ______________.

A

dilute acid solution

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29
Q

White Blood Cell count is also known as?

A

Leukocyte count

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30
Q

Serves as a useful guide to the severity of the disease process.

A

White Blood Cell count

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31
Q

A WBC count detects?

A

hidden infections

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32
Q

Differential Count is also known as?

A

WBC differential count

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33
Q

Differential count shows the?

A

Percentage of each type of WBC

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34
Q

can detect immature WBC and abnormalities, both of which are signs of potential issues; RBC and platelets can be seen as well

A

Differential Count

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35
Q

The total count of circulating WBC is differentiated according to?

A

the five types of leukocytes

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36
Q

Neutrophils in differential count give information about?

A

pyogenic infection

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37
Q

Eosinophils in differential count give information about?

A

allergic disorder, parasitic infestation

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38
Q

Basophils in differential count give information about?

A

parasitic infection

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39
Q

Lymphocytes in differential count give information about?

A

viral infection

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40
Q

Monocytes in differential count give information about?

A

severe infection by phagocytosis

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41
Q

Use to assess the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow.

A

Reticulocyte count

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42
Q

Reticulocyte count uses ____________.

A

whole blood anticoagulated with EDTA

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43
Q

stain used for reticulocyte count

A

new methylene blue, brilliant cresyl blue, and pure azure blue

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44
Q

an immature anucleated cell that can be found in peripheral blood

A

reticulocyte

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45
Q

young forms of erythrocytes

A

reticulocytes

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46
Q

duration of reticulocyte in peripheral blood

A

1 day

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47
Q

duration of reticulocyte in bone marrow

A

1-2 days

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48
Q

Ratio of whole blood and stain for blood smear preparation?

A

1:1

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49
Q

Reference range of reticulocytes for adults?

A

0.5-2%

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50
Q

Reference range of reticulocytes for children?

A

2-6%

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51
Q

Rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of one hour.

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

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52
Q

Common hematology test and nonspecific measure of inflammation.

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

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53
Q

One of the oldest hematology tests; detects inflammation and roughly estimates its intensity

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

54
Q

uses graduated concentrations of saline solutions to detect spherocytes

A

Osmotic Fragility Test

55
Q

RBCs with proportionally reduced surface membrane area are called?

A

spherocytes

56
Q

Osmotic Fragility Test uses graduated concentrations of saline solutions to detect spherocytes in what disorder?

A

hereditary spherocytosis or warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia

57
Q

phenotypically detects an inherited RBC enzyme deficiency causing severe episodic hemolytic anemia

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Assay

58
Q

are used to detect and diagnose sickle cell anemia and other inherited qualitative hemoglobin abnormalities and thalassemia’s

A

Sickle Cell Solubility Screening Assay and its follow-up tests, Hemoglobin Electrophoresis And High Performance Liquid Chromatography

59
Q

is the sum of all those activities in which the laboratory is engaged to ensure that information generated by the laboratory is correct

A

Quality Assurance

60
Q

Includes all aspects of laboratory activities that affect the results produced from the choice of method, to the handling of specimen and reporting results.

A

Quality Assurance

61
Q

The real purpose of Quality Assurance is?

A

to determine how correct/incorrect the result is

62
Q

3 Major Activities of Quality Assurance?

A

Preventive, Assessment, Corrective

63
Q

activities done in prior to the examination of the specimen or sample that is intended to establish system conducive to accuracy testing

A

Preventive

64
Q

activities done during testing to determine whether the test systems are performing correctly

A

Assessment

65
Q

done when error is detected to correct the system; recalibration of the instrument/machine

A

Corrective

66
Q

intended to ensure the reliability of the laboratory test

A

QA in Hematology Laboratory

67
Q

The objective of QA in Hematology Laboratory is?

A

to achieve precision and accuracy

68
Q

is the closeness of the estimated value to the true mean

A

Accuracy

69
Q

is the reproducibility of a result, whether accurate or inaccurate

A

Precision

70
Q

Method of blood collection wherein the blood sample collected is called peripheral blood instead of capillary blood.

A

Skin puncture

71
Q

In skin puncture, the blood sample collected is called?

A

peripheral blood

72
Q

Sample via skin puncture is a mixture of?

A

capillary, venous, and arterial blood with interstitial (tissue) fluid and intracellular fluid

73
Q

Sites of skin puncture?

A
  • finger (middle or ring)
  • earlobe (less free nerve endings, less pain and less tissue juice)
  • <1yr old: lateral portion of the plantar surface of the heel/toe
74
Q

Methods of Skin Puncture?

A
  • Heel Stick Procedure
  • Finger Puncture – 3rd or 4th finger of nondominant hand
  • Earlobe Puncture – abnormalities in WBC and histiocytes
75
Q

Sites to avoid for skin puncture?

A
  • inflamed and pallor areas
  • cold and cyanotic areas
  • congested and edematous areas
  • scarred and heavily calloused areas
76
Q

Order of Draw – Skin Puncture?

A
  1. Tube for blood glass analysis
  2. Slides, unless made from specimen in the EDTA microcollection
  3. EDTA microcollection tube
  4. Other microcollection tubes with anticoagulant
  5. Serum microcollection tubes
77
Q

manner of inserting a needle attached to a syringe to a palpable vein to collect blood for laboratory testing

A

Venipuncture

78
Q

Blood sample collected in venipuncture is called?

A

venous blood

79
Q

most widely used blood sample in all laboratory tests is via what blood collection method?

A

Venipuncture

80
Q

3 factors involved in a good venipuncture?

A
  • Phlebotomist
  • Patient and his/her vein
  • The equipment needed
81
Q

Angle of needle insertion for routine venipuncture and donor bleeding venipuncture?

A

30 degrees and 45 degrees respectively

82
Q

In venipuncture, bevel should be?

A

bevel up

83
Q

Length of needle for venipuncture?

A

1 to 1.5 inches

84
Q

How long could you leave the tourniquet on?

A

1 min

85
Q

Blood pressure cuff range for venipuncture?

A

40 to 60 mmHg

86
Q

Number of attempts for venipuncture?

A

maximum of 2

87
Q

Order of Draw for Venipuncture?

A
  • Blood culture (yellow stopper)
  • Coagulation tube (blue)
  • Serum tubes with or without activator
  • Heparin (green)
  • EDTA (lavender)
  • Sodium fluoride tube with or without EDTA or oxalate (gray stopper)
88
Q

Sites of venipuncture in newborn infants up to 18 months old?

A
  • External jugular vein
  • Temporal vein (scalp vein)
  • Superior longitudinal sinus
89
Q

Sites of venipuncture in older children (18 months to 3 y/o)?

A
  • Femoral vein
  • Long saphenous vein
  • Popliteal vein
  • Ankle vein
90
Q

Sites of venipuncture in 3 y/o to adult life?

A
  • wrist vein
  • dorsal vein of the hand
  • dorsal vein of the ankle
91
Q

Two patterns of veins of the antecubital fossa?

A

H and M pattern

92
Q

Veins of the Antecubital Fossa?

A

Median capital vein
Cephalic vein
Basilica vein

93
Q

Most commonly used anticoagulant?

A

EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) /Versene/Sequestrene

94
Q

MOA of EDTA?

A

bind to non-ionized form of Calcium then chelates Calcium

95
Q

3 forms of EDTA?

A
  • Dipotassium EDTA: preferred, more soluble
  • Disodium EDTA
  • Tripotassium EDTA
96
Q

Recommended amount of blood for Tripotassium EDTA?

A

1.2 mg/dl of blood

97
Q

Tripotassium EDTA is used for?

A

CBC, ESR, Platelet count and PBS

98
Q

Tripotassium EDTA can also be used for?

A

modified Westergren (ESR)

99
Q

Modified Westergren (ESR) consists of?

A
  • 2 ml EDTA blood + 0.5 ml of 3.8% or 0.129 M Na Citrate
  • 2 ml of EDTA blood + 0.5 ml NSS
100
Q

Advantages of EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid) / Sequestrene / Versene

A
  1. Preserve cellular morphology when smears are prepared within 2 hours
  2. Prevent platelet aggregation
  3. Prevents artefact formation even on long standing
  4. Cell count, HbF, Blood grouping and electrophoresis
  5. Has a few toxic effects
101
Q

Disadvantages of EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid) / Sequestrene / Versene?

A
  1. After 6 hours Inc MCV, Inc OFT (osmotic fragility test), Decreased ESR
  2. Causes dec PCV (packed cell volume)
  3. Not suitable for coagulation studies
102
Q

Most common and preferred anticoagulant for coagulation studies?

A

Citrate

103
Q

MOA of citrate?

A

binds calcium

104
Q

Citrate is contained in?

A

light blue top evacuated tube

105
Q

Anticoagulant buffer of citrate?

A

3.8%/0.109 M Na Citrate

106
Q

Concentration of citrate used for Westergen method of ESR (black)?

A

1 part of 3.8% disodium or trisodium citrate and 4 parts blood

107
Q

Concentration of citrate used for Coagulation Testing (PTT/Partial Thromboplastin Time, APTT/Activated PTT Test)?

A

1 part of 3.8% (.109 M) of 3.2% (.109 M) aqueous solution disodium citrate or trisodium citrate and 9 parts of blood

108
Q

Advantages of citrate?

A
  1. For blood transfusion because citrate is less toxic.
  2. Trisodium citrate is used for blood coagulation and platelet function test.
  3. Buffered citrate is now commonly used because it helps stabilize plasma pH. Buffered citrate is prepared by adding citric acid to Na citrate. Buffered citrate will increase stability of Factor V and VIII.
  4. For investigation of clotting disorders.

(No known disadvantage because it has specific use)

109
Q

Most commonly used anticoagulant for Osmotic Fragility Testing and immunotyping?

A

Heparin

110
Q

MOA of Heparin?

A

binds thrombin

111
Q

2 forms of heparin?

A
  • Lithium heparin
  • Sodium heparin
112
Q

________ anticoaulant is used for RBC count, haemoglobin, hematocrit, ESR and OFT, electrolytes

A

Sodium heparin

113
Q

Disadvantages of sodium heparin?

A
  • Not recommended for coagulation studies because it affects all stages of blood coagulation
  • Not for WBC
  • Not recommended for blood smear preparation
  • Most expensive
114
Q

MOA of oxalates?

A

binds Calcium

115
Q

Recommended concentration of oxalate?

A

1-2 mg/ml of blood

116
Q

3 forms of oxalate?

A
  • Double Oxalate
  • Lithium Oxalate
  • Sodium Oxalate
117
Q

Type of anticoagulant with salts of Ammonium and Potassium?

A

Double Oxalate or Paul Heller

118
Q

When double oxalate is used separately: ammonium oxalate makes RBCs?

A

swell

119
Q

When double oxalate is used separately: potassium oxalate makes RBCs?

A

shrink

120
Q

Double Oxalate or Paul Heller is also known as?

A

Balance Oxalate

121
Q

Uses of double oxalate?

A

all RBC evaluation tests, since there is no effect on RBC

122
Q

Disadvantages of double oxalate?

A
  • Not recommended for blood transfusions
  • Causes agglutination or clumping of WBCs and platelets
  • Not recommended for peripheral blood smear preparation
123
Q

Types of complications?

A

local immediate complication and local delayed complication

124
Q

Type of complication that results in hematoma?

A

local immediate complication

125
Q

Type of complication that results in hematoma/thrombosis?

A

local delayed complication

126
Q

platelet to platelet

A

platelet aggregation

127
Q

platelet to non-platelet

A

platelet adhesion

128
Q

minimize the error

A

quality control

129
Q

ensure that results are accurate, precise, and reliable

A

quality assurance

130
Q

When reporting results, always write the ____________.

A

unit of measurement

HEMA (13 decks)

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