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Anatomy Block 2 > Week 4/Lab 4 > Flashcards

Week 4/Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney function general

A
  • excrete most of the waste products of metabolism
  • control water and electrolyte balance
  • maintain acid-base balance
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2
Q

Right Kidney anterior relationships

A
  • the suprarenal gland
  • liver
  • second part of the duodenum
  • right colic flexure
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3
Q

Kidney posterior relationship

A
  • diaphragm(posterior and inferior)
  • costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura
  • 12th rib for R and 11th rib for L
  • psoas, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis mucles
  • subcostal(T12) nerves
  • iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves(L1)
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4
Q

Left Kidney anterior relationships

A
  • suprarenal gland
  • the spleen
  • stomach
  • the tail of the pancreas
  • left colic flexure
  • coils of jejunum
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5
Q

Kidney Hilum

A
  • medial concave border of each kidney
  • extends into renal sinus
  • transmits renal vein, 2 branches of renal artery, ureter, third branch of renal artery
  • lymph and sympathetic fibers pass through
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6
Q

Para vs. Peri

A

Para-beside

Peri-around

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7
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

-surrounds kidney and is closely applied to its outer surface

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8
Q

Perirenal fat

A

-covers the fibrous capsule

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9
Q

Renal fascia

A
  • condensation of connective tissue that lies outside the perirenal fat and encloses the kidneys and suprarenal glands
  • continuous laterally with fascia transversalis
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10
Q

Pararenal fat

A
  • lies external to the renal fascia
  • often in large quantity
  • forms part of the retroperitoneal fat
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11
Q

Renal sinus

A
  • space within the hilum

- contains upper expanded end of ureter(renal pelvis)

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12
Q

Renal pelvis

A
  • upper expanded end of the ureter
  • divides into 2-3 major calyces
  • those divide into 2-3 minor calyces
  • minor calyces indented by renal papilla
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13
Q

Renal papilla

A

-apex of the renal pyramid

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14
Q

Lobar arteries

A
  • arise from segmental artery, one from each renal pyramid

- each divides into 2-3 interlobar arteries

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15
Q

Interlobar arteries

A
  • run towards the cortex on each side of the renal pyramid

- at the junction of cortex and medulla, interlobar arteries give rise to interlobular arteries

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16
Q

Interlobular arteries

A
  • ascend in the cortex

- give rise to afferent glomerular arterioles

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17
Q

Renal artery

A
  • arise from aorta at L2

- each one divides into 5 segmental arteries that enter the hilum

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18
Q

Renal cortex

A

contains. ..
- renal corpuscles
- proximal and distal convoluted tubules
- cortical collecting tubules
- blood vessel

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19
Q

Renal medulla

A
  • made up of renal pyramids
  • descending (thick–>thin) limb
  • ascending (thin–> thick) limb
  • cortical collecting tubules
  • collecting ducts
  • papillary duct
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20
Q

Renal pyramids

A

divided into 3 zones…

  • outer medulla
  • inner medulla
  • renal papillae
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21
Q

Direction of urine

A

Papillary ducts->minor calyces->major calyces->make renal pelvis->renl ureter

22
Q

Nephron

A 
-basic functional unit of the kidney
comprised of...
-renal corpuscle
-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of henle
-distal convoluted tubule
23
Q

Renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
  • allows water, metabolic waste, ions, and small molecules to pass through the capillary wall
  • prevent circulating cells and plasma proteins from leaving the blood
24
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • spherical knot of capillaries
  • fed in by afferent glomerulus arterioles
  • drained by efferent glomerulus arterioles
25
Q

Bowman capsule: parietal layer

A

-hollow spherical structure lined by simple squamosous epithelium

26
Q

Bowman capsule: visceral layer

A
  • made up of podocytes that cover capillaries

- long, interdigitating cellular process that help in blood filtration

27
Q

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

A

-interstitial tissue surrounding the glomerular capillaries contain these

28
Q

Bowman space

A

-space between parietal and visceral layers of Bowman’s capsule

29
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules

A
  • drain filtration from renal corpuscle to the loop henle
  • lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium with abundant long microvili bordering the lumen
  • connects renal corpuscle to urinary pole
30
Q

Brush border

A

-microvili lining the proximal convoluted tubules

31
Q

Descending limb of the loop of henle

A
  • permeable to water, chloride and sodium ions
  • reabsorb salts and water
  • reduce the volume of the filtrate
  • absorption of particles
32
Q

Ascending limb of the loop of henle

A
  • impermeable to water!
  • actively pumps chlorine and sodium ions for the tubes back into the medullary interstitum
  • acid/base balance
33
Q

Distal convoluted tubules

A
  • lined by simple cuboidal epithelial cells
  • no brush border
  • macula densa
  • remove sodium ions and ass potassium ions to filtrate IF aldosterone stimulation is present.
  • reabsorb bicarbonate ions and secrete ammonium to adjust pH balance
34
Q

Macula densa

A
  • tightly packed group of cells within distal convoluted tubules
  • sense and monitor ionic content and water volume of filtrate
35
Q

Collecting system

A
  • cortical collecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts.
  • all have cytoplasm and cell boundaries
36
Q

ADH

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • collecting tubules/ducts become water permeable in its presence
  • triggered by macula densa
  • low levels, tubules.ducts diffuse water from lumen to interstitium to increase concentration of urine
37
Q

Ureters

A
  • lie in extraperitoneal connective tissue on each side of the vertebral column
  • lined by transitional epithelium(cuboidal->squamosal)
  • surrounded by layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue
  • thinner wall than bladder
  • mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia tissue layers
38
Q

Ureter draining

A

superior: drain renal pelvis
Inferior: empty into the bladder by penetrating its posterior wall

39
Q

Urinary bladder

A
  • located in pelvic cavity

- temporarily stores urine

40
Q

Urinary bladder openings

A
  • 2 for ureters

- 1 for emptying urine into the urethra

41
Q

Urinary bladder lining

A
  • mucosa, muscularis, adventitia layers
  • wall is thicker than ureters
  • three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis
42
Q

Urinary bladder muscularis

A
  • 3 layers

- contracts in different directions to enable bladder to empty urine

43
Q

Suprarenal glands

A
  • retroperitoneal organs
  • surrounded by renal fascia
  • separated from kidneys by perirenal fat
  • each has cortex and medulla
44
Q

Suprarenal cortex

A
  • secrete mineral corticoids
  • secrete glucocorticoids
  • secrete small amount of sex hormones
45
Q

mineral corticoids

A

-concerned with the control of fluid and electrolyte balance

46
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

-control of the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins

47
Q

Suprarenal medulla

A
  • secrete catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine

- sympathetic

48
Q

Suprarenal arteries

A
  • 3 that come from…
  • inferior phrenic artery
  • aorta
  • renal artery
49
Q

Suprarenal vein

A
  • emerges from hilum of each gland
  • drains into IVC on the right
  • drains into the renal vein on the left
50
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

A
  • derived from splanchnic nerves
  • synapse inside the gland, no ganglion
  • white
  • signal from brain straight to the medulla. no time for synapse because fight or flight

Anatomy Block 2 (5 decks)

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