Week 2/Lab 2 Flashcards
Areas of the stomach
- 2 surfaces/walls(anterior and posterior)
- 2 borders(lesser and greater curvature)
- angular notch
- 2 orifices(cardial and pyloric)
- cardial notch
- pyloric sphincter
- cardia
- fundus(full of gas)
- body
- pyloric part
Difference between orifice and sphincter
orifice: opening
Sphincter: smooth muscle to control opening
Stomach function: storage
Rugae
-wrinkly layer due to muscularis mucosa)
Stomach function: mixing
A semifluid mixture of partly digested food with water and gastric juice to produce CHYME
Stomach function: physical breakdown
- smooth muscle of muscularis externa and HCL
- peristalsis and churning
Stomach function: chemical breakdown
via Pepsin
-breaks down proteins
Stomach function: controlled release
-movement of chyme into the small intestine is regulated by a valve at the end of the stomach(pyloric sphincter)
Name gastric glands from superficial to deep
- mucous surface cells
- mucous neck cells
- parietal cells
- chief cells
- enteroendocrine cells
Gastric pits
- inner layer of mucosa
- penetrate deep into the layer forming ducts whose walls are lined with gastric glands
Mucous surface cells
- secrete mucous
- protect lining of stomach from HCL
Mucous neck cells
- secrete mucous
- lines upper walls of ducts
- protect lining of stomach from HCL
Parietal(oxyntic) cells
- secrete HCL(activates pepsinogen for pepsin)
- Secretes intrinsic factor(helps small intestine with with absorption of vitamin B12)
Chief(zymogenic) cells
- secrete pepsinogen for pepsin
- secrete gastric lipase(enzyme to breakdown fat)
Enteroendocrine cells
-secrete various hormones that diffuse into nearby blood vessels
Gastrin
- enteroendocrine cell
- stimulates other glands in the stomach to increase their output
- puts the fire under them
- g cells
Abdominal aorta
- name change at the aortic hiatus
- ends by dividing into Left and Right common iliac arteries(around L4)
- Paired and unpaired branches
Unpaired branches of abdominal aorta
- come off the anterior surface of the aorta
- celiac trunk
- superior and inferior mesenteric artery
- mediaN sacral artery
Paired branches of abdominal aorta
- come off lateral side of aorta
- inferior phrenic arteries
- middle suprarenal arteries
- renal arteries
- Gonadal arteries(ovaries for F and testicular for M)
- Lumbar arteries(4 pairs)
Celiac trunk
-unpaired branch
-central hub for…
Left gastric artery
splenic artery
common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
- smallest branch of celiac trunk
- supplies esophagus and stomach
- anastomoses with right gastric artery
Splenic artery
- largest branch of celiac trunk
- wavy
- relationship to splenorenal ligament
- supplies to pancreas, stomach, greater somentum and spleen
Common heptaic artery
- branches to the right off of the celiac trunk
- divides into proper hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery
Proper hepatic artery
- branches off common hepatic artery
- divides into left and right hepatic artery
- branches inferiorly into right gastric artery
Right hepatic artery
-supplies gallbladder via cystic artery
Right Gastric artery
- branches off proper hepatic artery
- anastomoses with left gastric artery
- travels lesser curvature to meet L gastric
Gastroduodenal artery
- supplies to pancreas, stomach, greater omentum, and duodenum
- branches hella for vessels that travel greater curvature
Areas of the liver
- 2 surfaces(diaphragmatic-smooth, and visceral-concavities for organs)
- inferior border(gallbladder pops out)
- porta hepatis/hilum(entry way into the liver)
- 4 lobes
Porta hepatis/ hilum
-contains left and right hepatic ducts, branches of proper hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
Lobes of liver
- right
- left
- cuadate(superior, towards the head)
- quadrate(inferior on right side)
- functionally and physically split
- functional H line of coronary ligament, IVC, and hilum
formation of Hepatic portal vein
- superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein fuse
- inferior mesenteric vein drains into splenic vein
- left and right gastric vein and cystic vein also drain into hepatic portal vein
- lower 1/3 esophagus to upper 1/2 of anal canal and all unpaired organs except liver drain here
Superior mesenteric vein drainage
-drains blood from stomach, large intestine, and small intestine
Splenic vein drainage
-drains blood from stomach, spleen and pancreas
Inferior mesenteric vein drainage
-drains blood from large intestines and rectum
Left and right gastric vein drainage
-drains blood from stomach
Cystic vein drainage
-drains blood from gall bladder
Blood circulation of the liver
-blood enters INFERIOR surface of the liver through hepatic portal vein and proper hepatic vein
HPV- deoxygenated blood, nutrient rich, contributes 70% of blood
PHA-delivers oxygenated blood, nutrient poor, contributes 30% of blood
Sinusoids
- HPV and PHA divide into smaller and smaller branches until the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the liver
- capillaries that have holes that allow blood to run through
- specific cells for each tissue
Kupffer’s cells
- in sinusoids of the liver
- “stellate reticuloendothelial cells”
- phagocytic cells that remove bacteria and other debris from blood
Blood circulation out of the liver
-after blood is processed in sinusoids in liver, blood flows into HEPATIC VEINS and empties into IVC
Inferior vena cava
- returns blood from lower half of the body to the heart
- formed by union of 2 common iliac veins
- pierces the diaphragm at T8 and almost immediately terminates into the lower part of the right atrium(doesn’t have hiatus cause actually pierces central tendon)
Things that pierce the diahragm
- IVC:T8
- Esophagus: T10(hiatus)
- Aorta:T12(hiatus)
Bile
- PRODUCED by the liver
- digestive and excretory function
- released to duodenum to emulsify fat for more rapid breakdown
- STORED in gall bladder
- yellow/brown/green
- Alkaline to dilute HCL(7.5-8.5 pH)
Bile consists of
- bile salts
- bile pigments
- phospholipids
- cholesterol
- ions
Bilirubin
- primary bile pigment
- broken down in intestine
- some of it is lost in feces, but much is reabsorbed by small intestine
- returned to liver via HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
Jaundice
- yellow coloration of SCLERA OF THE EYE, skin, and mucous membrane
- build up of bilirubin
Prehepatic jaundice
- excess production of bilirubin
- before liver
Hepatic jaundice
- due to congenital liver diseases
- cirrhosis of the liver of hepatitis
Extrahepatic jaundice
- blockage of bile drainage by gallstones or cancer of bowel/pancreas
- cystic duct is blocked
Neonatal(physiological) jaundice
- newborn poorly functioning liver for the first week of living
- real common
- expose baby to blue light to convert bilirubin into substrate kidney can excrete
Hepatocytes
- liver cells
- produce bile
Common hepatic duct
-formed by left and right hepatic duct
Common bile duct
-common hepatic duct and cystic duct
Areas of the gall bladder
- fundus: anterior, rounded end
- Body: middle part
- neck: narrow and tapered, becomes continuous with cystic duct
Areas of Spleen
- 2 surfaces(diaphragmatic and visceral)
- 2 borders/margins(superior: indentions from ribs and inferior:smooth)
- 2 poles/extremities: anterior and posterior
- hilum of spleen
Hilum of spleen
-among various vessels, splenic artery and vein are most significant
Splenic artery: supplies blood to spleen
Splenic vein: joins superior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein
