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Anatomy Block 2 > Week 1/Lab 1 > Flashcards

Week 1/Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important to know the quadrants?

A

-so you know where to ausculate, percuss, and palpate them and to record locations of findings during a physical exam

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2
Q

important notes about quads

A
  1. extends up under the rib cage
  2. belly button separates all quads
  3. extends down into the pelvis
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3
Q

Right Upper quadrant includes:

A
  • liver:right lobe
  • gallbladder
  • pylorous of stomach
  • Duodenum(1-3)
  • pancreas: head
  • right suprarenal gland
  • right kidney
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
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4
Q

Left Upper quadrant includes:

A
  • liver:left lobe
  • spleen
  • stomach
  • pancreas:body and tail
  • jejunum and proximal ileum
  • left kidney
  • left suprarenal gland
  • transverse colon:left half
  • descending colon
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5
Q

Right lower quadrant includes…

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • most of ileum
  • ascending colon
  • right ovary
  • right uterine tube
  • right ureter:abdominal part
  • right spermatic cord:abdominal part
  • uterus if enlarged
  • bladder if enlarged
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6
Q

Left lower quadrant includes…

A
  • sigmoid colon
  • descending colon
  • left ovary
  • left uterine tube
  • left ureter:abdominal part
  • left spermatic cord
  • uterus if enlarged
  • bladder if enlarged
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7
Q

Epigastric region

A
  • the upper central region of the abdomen.

- located between the costal margins and the subcostal plane

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8
Q

Hypogastric region

A
  • region of the abdomen located below the umbilical region

- pubis bone is lower limit

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9
Q

Umbilical region

A

area centralized on umbilicus

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10
Q

Right and left iliac regions

A

-region of the abdomen, on either side of the hypogastric regions, below the lumbar regions

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11
Q

Skin of the abdomen

A
  • loosely attached except at the umbilicus where scar tissue makes strong attachment
  • collagen runs in natural lines of cleavage that mimic dermatome patterns
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12
Q

Cutaneous nerve supply

A

-anterior rami of spinal nerves of lowest 5 intercostal nerves, the subcostal nerve, and the 1st lumbar

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13
Q

1st lumbar nerve

A

-iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve

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14
Q

Dermatome of T7

A

-in epigastric area near xiphoid process

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15
Q

Dermatome T10

A

-near umbilicus

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16
Q

Dermatome L1

A

near area of inguinal canal

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17
Q

Skin blood supply at midline

A
  • superior and inferior epigastric artery
  • superior from INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERY
  • inferior from EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY
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18
Q

lateral flanks

A

-branches of intercostal arteries, lumbar, and deep circumflex iliac arteries

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19
Q

blood supply at inguinal region

A
  • superficial epigastric
  • superficial circumflex iliac
  • superficial external pedundle arteries
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20
Q

Skin venous drainage

A

superiorly: via lateral thoracic vein into the axillary vein
Inferiorly: via superficial epigastric and great saphenous veins into femoral vein

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21
Q

skin lymph drainage

A
  • drainage of anterior abdominal wall above the level of the umbilicus is upward to the anterior axillary(pectoral) group of nodes
  • below the umbilicus, drains downward and laterally to the superficial inguinal node
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22
Q

Fascia

A

-thin sheath of fibrous tissue enclosing a muscle or organ

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23
Q

Superficial fascia

A
  • loose fatty layer named campers fascia found just below the skin
  • tough membraneous layer (scarpa’s fascia) that lies beneath the fatty layer and right before the muscle layer
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24
Q

Deep fascia

A

thin layer of fascia that envelopes the muscles of the abdominal wall

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25
Q

External oblique

A

most external abdominal muscle found laterally

-runs anterio-inferiorly

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26
Q

Internal oblique

A

Lies below external oblique

  • muscle fibers run anterior-superiorly
  • fibers run at 90 degrees from external oblique
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27
Q

Transversus

A

lies below the internal oblique

-deepest abdominal wall muscle

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28
Q

Rectus abdominus

A
  • long strap muscle that extends whole length of anterior abdominal wall
  • it is broader above and lies close to the midline
  • separated by its fellow by linea alba
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29
Q

Rectus sheath

A
  • long fibrous sheath that encloses rectus abdominal muscle and contains ANTERIOR RAMI OF LOWER 6 THORACIC NERVES
  • formed by aponeuroses of three lateral abdominal muscles
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30
Q

aponeurosis

A

sheet of white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheet like muscles having a wide area of attachment

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31
Q

Thickness of muscles

A

-no matter where you slice it, you will get different thicknessess

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32
Q

fascia transversalis

A
  • thin layer of fascia that lines transversus abdominis and is continuous with a similar layer lining the diaphragm and iliacus muscle
  • forms femoral sheath for femoral vessels
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33
Q

Inguinal canal

A
  • oblique passage through the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall
  • in males, structures can pass from testis to the abdomen(via spermatic cord)
  • in females, allows round ligament of the uterus to pass from the uterus to the labium majus

-allows structures to go from deep to superficial

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34
Q

Inguinal canal composition

A

anterior wall- external oblique aponeurosis
posterior wall-conjoint tendon medially, fascia transversalis laterally
Roof/superior wall: arching lowest fibers of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
floor/inferior wall: upturned lower edge of the inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament

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35
Q

Spermatic cord

A
  • collection of structures that pass through the iguinal canal and form the testis
  • begins at the deep iguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric artery and ends at testis
  • round ligament of the uterus
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36
Q

Spermatic cord contents

A
  • vas deferens
  • testicular artery
  • testicular veins
  • testicular lymph
  • autonomic vessels
  • processus vaginalis
  • genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (supplies the cremaster muscle of the scrotum)
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37
Q

Liver

A
  • located in upper part of abdominal cavity
  • inferior to the diaphragm
  • divided into two unequal lobes by falciform ligament
38
Q

Liver function

A
  • PRODUCE bile
  • detoxifies alcohol,drugs, ammonia
  • phagocytizes bacteria and blood cells
  • Stores vitamins, iron, and glucose
  • synthesize proteins and AA
39
Q

Glucose/glycogen

A

glucose-in use in the blood

glycogen-stored form

40
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • 3-4 inches
  • tucked into a depression along the anteroinferior margin of the liver’s RIGHT lobe
  • STORES bile
41
Q

Esophagus

A

-pierce diaphragm to the left of the midline at the ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS(T10)
-becomes continuous with stomach at the cardiac orifice.
-located posterior to LEFT liver lobe
Function: transport food, liquid, saliva to stomach

42
Q

Peristalsis

A

-wave like constriction of muscles to move food down esophagus into stomach

43
Q

What are the 4 tunics composing the gastrointestinal tract

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
44
Q

Mucosa

A
  • innermost tunic of GI tract
  • mucosal membrane lining from mouth to anus
  • 3 parts(epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
45
Q

Epithelium layer of mucosa

A
  • -stratified squamosal epithelial cells
  • proctection(mostly in orifices)
  • secretion and absorption(stomach and small intestine)
46
Q

Lamina propria layer of Mucosa

A
  • provides the epithelium with blood and lymph supply

- contains MALT

47
Q

MALT

A
  • mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
  • NODULES of lymphatic tissue containing lymphocytes and macrophages
  • protect GI tract wall from bacteria and other pathogens that are mixed with food
  • all along GI tract, ESPECIALLY in tonsils, small intesting, appendix, and large intestine
48
Q

Muscularis mucosae layer of mucosa

A

-thin layer of smooth muscle responsible for local expansion

49
Q

Local expansion

A

SMOOTH muscle that allows wrinkles which extend surface area and increase absorption

50
Q

Submucosa

A
  • highly vascular
  • contains part of the submucosal nerve plexus
  • Meissner’s complex: part of the autonomic nerve supply that innervates mucosa and submucosa
  • vasoconstriction of vessels and innervates secretory cells for buffers and enzymes
51
Q

Muscularis externa

A
  • other than mouth and pharynx(SKELETAL MUSCLE) it is smooth muscle for peristalsis
  • main nerve supply to GI
  • myenteric/auerbachs plexus-controls GI tract motility (frequency/ strength of contractions)
52
Q

Serosa

A
  • covers external surfaces of most digestive organs and is continuous with serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity
  • watery substance with enzymes, used for lubrication
53
Q

Stomach

A
  • J shaped, sac-like dilation of the GI tract between he esophagus and small intesting
  • 2 orifices (pyloric and cardial)
  • function: stores, mixes, and breaks down food
54
Q

Rando stomach number facts

A

-stomach can hold 1-2 liters of fluid

55
Q

Chyme

A
  • semi-fluid mix of gastric juice, water, food, semi-digested
  • being broken down physically and chemically
56
Q

Small intestine

A

1-2 inches in diameters and 20 inches long

  • extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal junction of large intesting
  • divided into 3 sections
57
Q

Duodenum

A
  • in RUQ
  • 10 inches ish (smallest section in length)
  • c-shaped and surrounds head of pancreas
  • begins at pyloric sphincter and ends at duodenojejunal junction
  • 4 parts: superior, descending, transverse, ascending
58
Q

Jejunum and ileum

A
  • j begins at duodenojejunal junction
  • I ends at the ileocecal junction
  • J is proximal 2/5 and 8 inches long
  • I is distal 3/5 and 12 inches long
59
Q

Small intestine function

A

Mechanical digestion: bile separates fat into smaller fat globules
Chemical digestion: complete digestion of carbs, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids
Absorption: 90% of NUTRIENTS absorbed

60
Q

Large intestine functions

A

Mechanical digestion: Rhythmic contractions(hostral and mass)
Chemical digestion: fermentation due to the bacteria in large intesting
Absorption: Vitamins K and B, some electrolytes, WATER(can hold 500-1000mL and absorbs all but 200)
Defecation: whatever is not absorbed

61
Q

Large intestine overview

A
  • frames jejunum and ileum on 3 sides and extends from ileocecral valve to anus
  • 5 inches
  • divided into cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
62
Q

Cecum

A
  • part of the large intestine
  • blind pouch at the beginning of the large intesting just below ileocecral junction
  • RLQ
63
Q

Appendix

A
  • long skinny attachment to the cecum
  • lined with lymphatic nodules serving immunity functions
  • MALT
  • RLQ
64
Q

Rectum

A
  • begins at level of S3

- when you no longer see bulges, you’re in the rectum

65
Q

Anal canal

A

-opens to the exterior of the body at the anus

66
Q

Colon

A

Ascending: extends superiorly from ileocecral juntion to hepatic flexure
Transverse: extends from hepatic flexure to splenic flexure
Descending: extends from splenic flexure to left iliac fossa
Sigmoid: begins in left iliac fossa, terminate at S3

67
Q

Pancreas

A

-stretches across the posterior abdominal wall from duodenum to spleen
-head, neck, body, tail
Function: Exocrine-produce digestive enzymes
Endocrine-produces hormones to maintain blood glucose level

68
Q

Accessory spleen

A

-spleen cells embedded in tail of pancreas

69
Q

Spleen

A
  • Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue
  • between stomach and diaphragm on left side of body
  • total protection by rib cage
70
Q

Spleen function in adults

A
  • production of antibodies(WBC)
  • phagocytosis of bacteria and bad RBC and platelets
  • reservoir for blood platelets (hold them until you need)
71
Q

Spleen function in fetus

A
  • hemopoesis-formation of formed elements of blood

- RBC and WBC

72
Q

Kidneys

A

-in all 4 quads
-4-5 inches in length, 2-3 in width, 1 thick
-between T12 and L3 vertebrae on either side of body(belly button at L3/L4)
-PARTIALLY protected by 11 and 12 ribs
-positioned between peritoneum and posterior wall of the abdomen (retroperitoneal)
-each gives rise to a ureter
Function: produce hormones, absorb materials, filter blood, produce urine)

73
Q

Adrenal glands

A

-suprarenal glands
-one on superior pole of each kidney
-capsule of DENSE IRREGULAR connectve tissue
-adrenal cortex
-innermost adrenal medulla
Function
Cortex: secretes steroid hormones(DHEA) in really small amounts
Medulla: secrete epi and norepi as part of the sympathetic system

74
Q

Cardial and pyloric sphincters

A
  • smooth muscle tissue
  • around orifices
  • cardial is looser so you can throw up if you swallow something bad
  • pyloric is tighter cause you don’t want that shit coming back up
75
Q

Peritoneum

A

serous membrane lining abdominal and pelvic cavity walls(parietal)
-covers surface of abdominal and pelvic organs–stomach, intestines(Visceral)

76
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneal layers
-has serous fluid

77
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A
  • organs within the abdominal cavity and wrapped in peritoneum
  • every organ that is not considered retroperitoneal
78
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

-located behind peritonium
-SAD PUCKER
Suprarenal glands
Abdominal aorta(and IVC)
Duodenum(2-4 part)
Pancreas(all but tail)
Ureters
Colon(ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus(lower 2/3)
Rectum

79
Q

Ligaments

A

-pass between 2 organs or between organs and the abdominal wall
-made of serous membrane
-NOT DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Function: to hold organ in place, transmit neurovascular structures to and from organs

80
Q

Falciform Ligament

A
  • peritoneal fold connecting liver to diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
  • Contains: round ligament of the liver
81
Q

Gastrosplenic ligament

A

-peritoneal fold connecting spleen to stomach

Contains: short gastric vessels(going to the stomach) AND left gastroepiploic vessels(travel curvature of the stomach)

82
Q

Lesser omentum

A
  • fold of peritoneum
  • connecting stomach and 1st part of duodenum to liver
  • has 2 parts!!
83
Q

Hepatogastric ligament

A
  • part of the lesser omentum
  • real thin and not sturdy
  • connects liver to lesser curvature of stomach
84
Q

Hepatoduodenal ligament

A
  • part of lesser omentum
  • structurally sound
  • veins ducts and arteries run through it
85
Q

Greater Omentum

A
  • hangs superficially from stomach in front of loops of jejunum and ileum
  • consists of 4 peritoneal layers
  • policeman: if surgery or tumor, greater omentum will surround area and attempt to cut it off
86
Q

Mesentery

A
  • fold of peritoneum
  • in small intestine
  • suspending jejunum and ileum from posterior abdominal wall(holds loops)
  • transmits neurovascular structures(superior mesenteric vessels and intestinal vessels)
  • innervates and supplies blood
87
Q

Median umbilical fold

A
  • attaches to urachus(urine will come out umbilicus)

- only active in fetus

88
Q

Medial umbilical fold

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood

- obliterated umbilical artery

89
Q

Lateral umbilical fold

A

-raised by inferior epigastric vessels

90
Q

Nerve supply for parietal peritoneum

A

-pain originates from parietal peritoneum is SEVERE AND LOCALIZED
-localized because of dermatomes
Nerves:
Phrenic-C3,4,5-sends signals to shoulder, but it is for diaphragm
Lower 5 intercostals
subcostals
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal

91
Q

Umbilicus innervation

A

T10

-intercostals

92
Q

Nerve supply for visceral peritoneum

A

-DULL AND POORLY LOCALIZED
Nerves
-visceral afferent sensory fibers traveling with autonomic nerves that supply organs or travel in the mesenteries

Anatomy Block 2 (5 decks)

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