Week 4: Intelligence Flashcards
What does intelligence involve?
• Successful reasoning/problem solving
- There are many defintions
What does Boring (1923) argue about what intelligence means?
“Intelligence Is what tests test”
What does Weschler (1975) argue about what intelligence means?
“The capacity of a person to understand the world and meet its demands”
Is emotional intelligence related to intelligence?
Psychologists would argue NO.
It is a personality factor
Why is emotional intelligence a personality factor?
People with high emotional intelligence can only predict their own and others emotions.
IT DOES NOT predict academic performance in the same way as intelligence does
Type of intelligence:
What is meant by ‘somethiing in the head’?
A property of the brain
- Eysenck = Transmission accuracy: How info is transferred accurately in the brain.
- Jenson = Neural speed: How fast the brain processes info. The faster your neurons fire and connect, the more intelligent you are.
We can see how quick someone learns something or how accurate someone understands something.
BUT intelligence is more than this.
What is meant by ‘A way in which people behave’?
- Anastassi = Quality of behaviour matters: intelligence is how a person problem solves, decisions they make
- Estes = How a person adapts their behaviour
What is meant by ‘All abilites and skills’?
- Anderson = People differ in their range of skills and the quality of each skill
What is an IQ?
IQ is an early measure of mental age divided by chronological age (the age of the person)
How do you work out a person’s IQ?
- You test a group of people
- IQ scores have been re-scaled to have the centre point (mean) = 100 IQ points, and a standard deviation of = 15 IQ points
- So: 1 SD = 15 IQ points
- 2 SDs = 30 IQ points
- 3 SDs = 45 points
- And so on
What did Spearman propose?
Single factor theories
- He said every mental task is determined by ‘g’
What is ‘g’?
General Intelligence
g intelligence predicts your ability to acquire specific skills
g is involved in inductive and deductive reasoning
What did Spearman propose about s?
S = specific
This means intelligence is specific to a task
What is Hierarchical Theories?
Was developed with statistical techniques (E.g.: SPSS)
- This theory agrees that g predicts reasonably well
- This theory argues that some tasks need specific abilities
- This theory argues that performance is: g + specific ability + s
For example:
- g is the general intelligence for everything (THAT’S WHY IT’S THE UNDERLYING INTELLIGENCE)
- Then we have the specific abilities – such as mathematics
- Then we have s (so the s is for addition- THE SPECFIC TOPIC IN MATHEMATICS)
g is at the top of the hierarchy
What did Cattel & Horn (1970s) argue?
- The researchers argued that the more advanced statistics allow for more details
- They identified 27 primary factors intelligence. They looked at difference types of intelligence tests and mental arithmetic, verbal spatial.
- They found they all correlated. BUT THEN the researchers wanted to do factor analysis.
- Factor analysis = Keep looking at relationship between all the items to see which items are distinct components that can be put together.
- The researchers yielded 5 higher order abilities from the 27 factors = Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS)
- HOTS = Thinking on a level that is higher than memorising facts, E.g.: analysing, evaluation, reasoning. The types of abilities are (these abilities were part of intelligence, but a particular area of intelligence):
- gf Fluid Intelligence Fruit
- gc Crystallised Intelligence Chocolate
- gv Visualisation Vegetables
- gr Retrieval Intelligence Roti
- gs Cognitive Speed Sugar
- The researchers argued that the 27 factors will fit into these five abilities. (E.g: gf might have 3, gc has 5, gv has 4).
- The researchers found that they could group the difference factors into abilities
- There are two overarching general intelligences: FLUID & CRYSTALISED.
What is Fluid Intelliegence?
- Domain-free reasoning ability
- The ability to reason and think flexibly
- This ability allows us to be independent of learning and experience.
- Creative thinking
- Don’t use past experiences to solve problems
- This intelligence declines with age
- E.g.: solving puzzles and coming up with problem-solving strategies
- gf closely linked to g
What is Crystalised Intelligence?
- Domain-specific skills/Knowledge
- Involves knowledge from past learning
- Based on facts and experience
- This intelligence increases with age
What does Kline (1991) argue?
THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GF & GC
What does Brody (1992) argue?
GF & GC ARE CORRELATED
What does multiple ability theories argue?
g does not exist – multiple ability theories argued that YES we have different abilities that make up intelligence but they are NOT interrelated.
We have individual skills and they are not related in any way, and you have to be good at them to be intelligent
Multiple ability theories:
What did Thurstone argue about intelligence?
Intelligence is composed of several different factors.
- Verbal comprehension
- Numerical ability
- Perceptual speed
- Spatial visualisation
- Verbal fluency
- General reasoning
- Memory
Multiple ability theories:
What did Guilford argue about intelligence?
- He argued that g is not a universal predictor
- He proposed that intelligence was the result of 120 independent abilities (later research he says there is 150 independent abilities)
- Guilford proposed a three-dimension structure of intellect.
- He argues that intellectual traits have 3 dimensions = Operations, Contents & Product
- Operations = Operations is what the person does. It refers to the specific cognitive process being used. There are 5 operations
- Contents = This includes the broad areas of info in which operations are applied. There are 4 contents
- Products = This includes applying particular operations to specific contents. There are 6 products
= 5 x 4 x 6 = 120
Multiple ability theories:
What did Gardnerner argue about intelligence?
- He argued that we have multiple types of intelligence.
- He researched people with different conditions:
- Brain damage people
- Gifted people
- Idiot savants
• He found eight separate intelligences:
- Logical-mathematical
- Linguistic
- Spatial
- Musical
- Personal (interpersonal & intrapersonal)
- Bodily-kinesthetics’
- Naturalistic (added later)
However:
- Lacks evidence from test scores
- Unique individuals unrepersnataive
What does contexual theories argue?
Contextual theorists such as Ceci, Howe, Richardson (1980s to 2000s) argue:
- Numbers provide no worthwhile measure of what people can do
- Everyone behaves intelligently in their own way
- Nobody behaves intelligently outside of their context
- Performance is predicted by: Knowledge, and learning by motivation – So you can be highly intelligent but lack motivation, MOTIVATION IS KEY
