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Year 2: Psychology of Thinking and Communication > Week 1: How Do we Acquire Language? > Flashcards

Week 1: How Do we Acquire Language? Flashcards

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1
Q

Can babies hear in the womb?

A

Yes

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2
Q

When do babies begin to hear in the womb?

A

24 weeks

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3
Q

What growth do foetuses suddenly have?

A
  • Thumb and cortical axons in the solar sensory
  • The auditory visual
  • Front cortex
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4
Q

When foetuses have growth, what is this called?

A

Cortical development

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5
Q

What is cortical development?

A

The process which the cerebral cortex is formed in mammals.

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6
Q

What happens when the cerebral cortex is formed in the foetus?

A

The foetus can process input from sensory organs.

E.g. Hearing

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7
Q

Can foetuses hear better at low frequency sounds or higher frequency sounds?

A

Lower frequency sounds.

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8
Q

Why can foetuses hear better at low frequency sounds?

A

the cochlea, which is the ear is not fully developed (still immature).

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9
Q

What is it like being in the womb?

A

Foetus is wrapped around in amniotic fluid.

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10
Q

What can babies hear in the womb?

A
  • Maternal heartbeat
  • Blood flow in the mother’s arteries
  • Intestinal movements
  • Mother’s voice
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11
Q

What did Descasper & Fifer (1980) do?

A

They did a study using a non-nutritive dummy.

They found babies sucked faster when they recognised their mothers voice.

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12
Q

What did Decasper & Spencer (1986) do?

A

The researchers conducted a study using the Cat in the Hat book.

Mother’s had to read this story six weeks prior to birth and three days after birth the researchers played the sound of their mother reading and another person reading.

The baby recognised their mother’s voice.

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13
Q

What did Bertoncini et al (1989) find out?

A

Infants respond to speech in left hemisphere.

Infants respond to music in right hemisphere.

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14
Q

What do infants respond to in their left hempishere?

A

Speech

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15
Q

What do infants respond to in their right hemisphere?

A

Music

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16
Q

What is a phoneme?

A
  • The smallest speech sound.

- The relationship between sounds and letters used to represent them.

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17
Q

What does a phoneme allow us to do?

A

It allows us to distinguish meaning

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18
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

The smallest unit of speech WITH semantic meaning.

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19
Q

How many phonemes does the English alphabet have?

A

44

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20
Q

From 1-4 months what sound are babies fixated on?

A

/pa/

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21
Q

Can adults discriminate phonemes

A

In their native language.

NOT in other languages.

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22
Q

Can babies discriminate phonemes?

A

YES.

They can distinguish between phonemes from their native language and other languages.

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23
Q

When can babies stop distinguishing between all phonemes?

A

8 months

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24
Q

Why do babies stop distinguishing phonemes?

A

By 8 months a baby’s own language has now been hard wired.

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25
Q

What did Kuhl & Millar do?

A
  • Did research using Chinchillas
  • They wanted to see whether non-humans can ALSO distinguish phonemes
  • Phonetic differences in language is SPECIFIC to humans
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26
Q

How many stages of Babbling is there?

A

3

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27
Q

When is the first stage of babbling?

A

Birth-2 months

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28
Q

What is the first stage of babbling called?

A

Reflexive Vocalisation

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29
Q

What happens during the first stage of babbling?

A
  • This is when babies begin to make involuntarily sounds.

E.g. Burping, Coughing

  • Baby is not deliberately making sounds
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30
Q

When is the second stage of babbling?

A

2-4 months

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31
Q

What is the second stage of babbling called?

A

During this stage sounds are used more for communication.

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32
Q

What happens during the second stage of babbling?

A
  • Babies begin to coo

Babies begin to show real joy

Laughing occurs around 4 months

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33
Q

When is the third stage of babbling?

A

4-7 months

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34
Q

What is the third stage of babbling called?

A

During this stage babies begin to gain control of making sounds.

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35
Q

What happens during the third stage of babbling?

A
  • Babies play with a position in their mouth and tongue to make sounds.
  • Practising their motor control.
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36
Q

What is neural maturation?

A

Neural pathways mature overtime allowing for greater motor control to make sounds.

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37
Q

When does neural maturation occur?

A

Between 3-9 months

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38
Q

What can babies do at 6 months?

A

They have their first recognisable sound.

Usually /da/ or /ba/

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39
Q

What can babies do at 8 months?

A

They begin to repeat sounds.

‘da-da’ ‘
ba-ba’

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40
Q

What can babies do at 11 months?

A

They begin to combine sounds.

‘da-ba’

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41
Q

What does Oller refer the combining sound phase as?

A

Variegated babbling

This is when the child plays with different sounds and doesn’t repeat the same sound.

42
Q

What does Stark refer the combining sound phase as?

A

Non-reduplicated babbling

This is when the child plays with different sounds and doesn’t repeat the same sound.

43
Q

What did Vihman discover?

A

Vihman found that there are 6 common syllables.

44
Q

What are 6 common syllables?

A

da door

ba bed

wa wall

de diamond

ha hat

he BOY

45
Q

Can infants show an understanding of words before they can say them?

A

Yes

46
Q

Can 16 months old females understand more words than 16 months old males?

A

Yes

47
Q

What did Nelson (1973) argue?

A

That there are 2 styles in early language development

48
Q

What are the 2 styles in early language development?

A
  • Referential style

- Expressive language

49
Q

What is referential style?

A

Infant knows more object names.

E.g. ball, dog, bottle

50
Q

What is the Expressive language?

A

More action words

E.g. jump, cut, go

Infant knows people’s names, less object names

51
Q

Does referential style allow for faster building vocabulary?

A

Liz Bates found that it does

52
Q

Do girls use that referential style more than boys?

A

Liz Bates found girls do, that’s why girls are building language faster rate than boys.

53
Q

Do games help babies with language?

A

Yes

54
Q

Does social exchange help babies with language?

A

Yes

55
Q

What does morphology mean?

A

The rules of language.

How words are put together to make a meaningful statement.

56
Q

What does Syntax mean?

A

How words are combined to make phrases.

57
Q

What are influences on language development?

A
  • Joint attention between child and caregiver

- Reference

58
Q

What is reference?

A

Understanding what the caregiver is referring to.

59
Q

Is pointing an indicator of reference

A

Yes.

Bates (1979) found that pointing is an indicator of reference.

60
Q

Is pointing an indicator of reference which is predictive of early vocabulary development

A

Yes.

Because the more a child points and the caregiver is engaged, this supports children’s language development

61
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

A morpheme is the smallest unit of speech with semantic meaning

62
Q

What is morphological development?

A

When a child shows a high degree of creativity in applying morphological rules

63
Q

How is morphological development measured?

A

By using the Mean Length Utterance MLU

64
Q

What is another way to measure morphological development?

A

Maximum Sentence Length

  • Measures sentence complexity
65
Q

What are Inside-Out Theories?

A

They argue that language develops through innate mechanisms.

66
Q

Are Inside-Out theories domain-specific?

A

Yes

67
Q

What is domain-specific?

A

Cognitive science argues that some cognitive functions are responsible for specific functions and not multiple ones.

68
Q

Does Chomsky and Pinker support Inside-Out Theories?

A

Yes.

They say the brain helps us throughout life and experience has minimal contribution

69
Q

What are Outside-In Theories?

A

They argue that language develops through learning mechanisms.

So we learn from outside experiences of the world

70
Q

Are Outside-In theories domain-general?

A

Yes

71
Q

What is domain general?

A

Cognitive ability, such as general intelligence or speed of information processing, that influences performance within tasks or situations.

72
Q

At the age of 6 how many words have children learnt?

A

11,000 words

73
Q

At the age of 10 how many words have children learnt?

A

40,000 words

74
Q

At 2 years of age, how many words can baby acquire?

A

300 words

75
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest speech sound

76
Q

What distinctions can newborns make?

A

Between phonemes

77
Q

Does laughing occur around 8 months?

A

No

78
Q

Does laughing occur around 4 months?

A

Yes

79
Q

Are there four stages in babbling?

A

Nope, only 3

80
Q

Does one of the stages of babbling include ‘reflexive vocalisation’?

A

Yes, it is the first stage

81
Q

At what age do the first recognisable speech sounds occur?

A

6 months

82
Q

When do babies begin to ‘da-da’ and ‘da-ba’ ?

A

8 and 11 months

83
Q

Do males understand more words than females?

A

No

84
Q

Do males produce more words than females?

A

No

85
Q

Do females understand more words than males?

A

Yes

86
Q

Do females produce more words than males?

A

Yes

87
Q

What are the two styles in early language development?

A

Referential and Expressive

88
Q

In language learning, what is morphology?

A

The rules such as how past tenses are derived

89
Q

Is syntax how letters are combined to make words?

A

Yes

90
Q

Is syntax how words are combined to make phrases?

A

No

91
Q

Is syntax how sentences are combined to make paragraphs?

A

No

92
Q

Is syntax the rules for putting words together?

A

Yes

93
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

The smallest unit of speech with semantic meaning

94
Q

What did Bates et al. (1979) find that is predictive of early vocal development?

A

Pointing

95
Q

Who are the main theorists proposing the outside-in theories?

A

Bates & MacWhinney

96
Q

Are inside-out theories domain specific?

A

Yes

97
Q

What does inside-out theories propose?

A

They propose language development through innate mechanisms

98
Q

In relation to adult correction of child language negative feedback is what?

A

The parent asking the child to repeat what s/he said

99
Q

What is Stark’s phonetic development table?

A
  • Reflexive crying and vegetative sounds
  • Cooing and laughter
  • Vocal play
  • Reduplicated babble
  • Non reduplicated babble and expressive jargon
100
Q

What is Oller’s phonetic development table?

A
  • Phonation
  • GOO stage
  • Expansion
  • Vocal play
  • Canonical babble
  • Non reduplicated babble and expressive jargon
  • Variegated babble
101
Q

What is canonical babble?

A
  • babies say words including consonants and vowels
  • Involves either strings of repeated syllables (e.g. “da da da”) or combinations of different syllables (e.g. “ma di da”).
102
Q

Types of negative evidence when adults are correcting child-

A
  • Child incorrect utterance followed by utterance in the correct form
  • When an adult questions the child’s utterance

Year 2: Psychology of Thinking and Communication (8 decks)

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