Week 3: How Do We Speak Without Words? Flashcards
What is symbolic representation?
It is a process where one thing (an entity) becomes a symbol for something else
Is there such a thing as ‘non-alphabetic’ language?
No there isn’t
What is meant by ‘non-alphabetic’ language?
It refers to a type of writing system.
It is a large set of SYMBOLS - learning takes a long time
What is logographic learning?
Whole word learning
What is alphabetic learning?
Sounding out
Does the Japanese language have two types of scripts?
Yes.
- Traditional script = Kanji
- Easy alternative - Kana
What is Kanji
Logographic learning
What is Kana
Alphabetic learning
What does Ping (1994) state about Braille?
- It takes OVER A YEAR for a blind child to learn the alphabet.
- The letters are more similar
What is the habituation paradigm?
When you show something to a baby and eventually, they’ll get bored when they’ve seen enough of it.
How early do we learn numbers:
What did Antell & Keating (1983) find out about babies?
New-borns can discriminate 2 objects and 3 objects.
This doesn’t mean the baby can count but they can tell there is a difference.
How early do we learn numbers:
What did Starkey, Spelke & Gelman (1983) find out about babies?
Babies can also discriminate between sounds.
NOT JUST VISUAL PERCEPTION BUT ALSO AUDITORY.
How early do we learn numbers:
What did Wynn (1992) find out about babies?
Babies looked longer when the rules were violated in the experiment.
So can babies count:
What did Gallistel & Gelman find out about babies?
Children count mentally like an ‘accumulator’… SO NO, CHILDREN DON’T COUNT.
What is an accumulator?
A mental process whereby the children can estimate.
So do children have core number knowledge?
This ability is DEMAIN SPECIFIC – HARDWIRED FROM BIRTH
So can babies count:
What does the constructionist approach argue?
Starkey & Cooper (1995)
Learning numbers is DOMAIN GENERAL
Their Research goes against the accumulator model
Learning to count:
What does Gelman & Gallistel (1978) suggest about how we learn to count?
We need 3 principles to learn how to count:
- One-to-one correspondence
- Stable order
- Cardinality
What is one-to-one correspondence?
When you are aware you have counted an item and don’t recount.
E.g.: 3 objects in front of me, and I count 3, I don’t recount any.
What is stable order?
Counting in the correct order. E.g.: “1, 2, 3, 4, 5”
What is cardinality?
Child has to recognise that the final number they count, is the total number
What is the first number word a child says after the age of 1?
2
Learning to count:
By the age of 3 what can babies do?
They can produce number sequences independently
Does knowing a number sequence mean you know how to count?
NO!
Sometimes 4-year-olds can count accurately IF they have someone to help them, BUT CANNOT BY THEMSELVES
Learning to count:
What did Fuson (1988) propose to help children count?
Counting is easier if objects are lined in a row.
What is the counting all strategy?
- Child is counting on their hand
- Most often used by 5-year-olds
- Can be used for subtraction
What is the counting on strategy?
- Counting all is difficult to use if sum is greater than 10.
- Children learn that if they had to work out the sum 3+5, they can do 5+3.
- Sign of an understanding of EQUIVALENCE
What is the retireval strategy?
Answers for sums are replaced by retrieval
What is Dyscalculia?
- Like dyslexia but for numbers
- 3-6% population
- Difficulty understanding simple number concepts
- Take much longer to do simple runs
What are the symptoms of Dyscalculia?
- Counting
- Calculations
- Numbers with zeros
- Measures
- Direction/orientation
THEY ARE FINE WITH CALCULUS
• Don’t affect all area of maths – can be great mathematician but hopeless at calculation
Did Siegler and Jenkins (1989) propose the Microgentic method?
Yes
What is the Microgentic method?
A method in which the same setting is studied repeatedly in order to observe change in detail.
- Intensive trial by trial analysis
- Aims to infer underlying representations & processes involved
What is the ‘min’ stratgey?
an arithmetic strategy in which children faced with an addition problem start with the largest addend and count up from there. For example, for the problem, 3 + 2 = ?, a child would say “3… 4, 5.”
What is subsitising?
When you are able to look at a group of objects and realise how many there are without counting.
- This only works with small groups of numbers, as we can only subitise up to 5 things.
- First introduced by Piaget.
How many objects can adults subitise?
3-4 objects
Can children subtitise?
Starkey and Cooper found:
- 2.5 years not able to count
- Reliable judgments up to 3 items
- 4 or more items = performance at chance
- Improves to reliable up to 4 items by 3.5 yrs
- 5.5 years = No further improvements
What is argued about how children’s counting skills arise?
From the ability to subitise
Baroody and Ganon investigated children’s understanding of commutativity, they found this understanding preceded what?
The generation of the ‘min’ strategy
What does commutativity mean?
With addition and multiplication of numbers, you can change the order of the numbers in the problem and it will not affect the answer.
