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BIOL71040 > Week 4: Immunology and Body Defences > Flashcards

Week 4: Immunology and Body Defences Flashcards

1
Q

What is Herd Immunity?

A

“Indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is immune”

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2
Q

How can Herd Immunity be achieved?

A

Herd immunity can be achieved through natural infection or through vaccine programs

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3
Q

What must a vaccine do to provide protection?

A

It must expose an individual to pathogen-specific antigens that will stimulate a protective adaptive immune response.

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4
Q

What is the ideal vaccine?

A

The ideal vaccine causes no severe adverse effects and poses no risk of contracting the disease that is it intended to prevent.

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5
Q

What are the 5 types of vaccines?

A
  1. Live Attenuated
  2. Inactivated
  3. Subunit
  4. Toxoid
  5. Conjugate
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6
Q

What are Live Attenuated Vaccines?

A

They expose an individual to a weakened strain of a pathogen to establish a subclinical infection and activate adaptive immune defenses.

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7
Q

What is an advantage of Live Attenuated Vaccines?

A

These vaccines stimulate a stronger immune response by activating both cellular and humoral immunity.

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8
Q

What are some disadvantages of Live Attenuated Vaccines?

A
  • Challenges with long-term storage and transport.
  • Potential development of disease symptoms in immunocompromised patients.
  • Risk of the pathogen reverting to full virulence.
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9
Q

What are some examples of Live Attenuated Vaccines?

A
  • Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR vaccine)
  • Varicella (chicken pox)
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10
Q

What are Inactivated Vaccines?

A

They contain whole pathogens that have been killed or inactivated with heat, chemicals, or radiation.

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11
Q

What are some disadvantages of Inactivated Vaccines?

A
  • These vaccines produce a weaker immune response, typically involving only humoral immunity.
  • Inactivated vaccines usually require higher doses and multiple boosters, which can cause inflammatory reactions at the injection site.
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12
Q

What are some advantages of Inactivated Vaccines?

A
  • Long-term storage stability.
  • Ease of transport.
  • No risk of causing severe active infections.
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13
Q

What are some examples of Inactivated Vaccines?

A
  • Pollio
  • Hepatitis A
  • Rabies
  • Influenza.
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14
Q

What are Subunit Vaccines?

A

They only expose the patient to the key antigens of a pathogen, not whole cells or viruses.

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15
Q

How are Subunit Vaccines made?

A

They are produced by chemically degrading a pathogen and isolating its key antigens or by producing the antigens through genetic engineering.

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16
Q

T or F: The risk of side effects is relatively low in Subunit Vaccines due to their containing only essential antigens.

A

True

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17
Q

What are some examples of Subunit Vaccines?

A
  • Hepatitis B
  • Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Pertussis (whooping cough)
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18
Q

What are Toxoid Vaccines?

A

They contain inactivated bacterial toxins, called toxoids; They activate humoral immunity that neutralizes the toxins.

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19
Q

What are Toxoid Vaccines used for?

A

They are used to prevent diseases where bacterial toxins play a key role in pathogenesis.

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20
Q

What are some examples of Toxoid Vaccines?

A
  • Diphtheria
  • Tetanus
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21
Q

What are Conjugate Vaccines?

A

A type of subunit vaccine consisting of a protein conjugated to a capsule polysaccharide.

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22
Q

Why were Conjugate Vaccines produced?

A

They were developed to enhance the efficacy of subunit vaccines against pathogens with protective polysaccharide capsules.

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23
Q

What do Conjugate Vaccines stimulate?

A

The production of antibodies against both the protein and the capsule polysaccharide, effective even in children under the age of two.

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24
Q

What is Pathogenicity?

A

The ability of a microbial agent to cause disease.

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25
What is Virulence?
The degree to which an organism is pathogenic. It exists on a scale from avirulent to highly virulent.
26
What is an example of a Highly Virulent Pathogen?
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
27
How is Anthrax transmitted?
Inhalation, ingestion, injection, skin contact.
28
What is the most serious form of Anthrax?
Inhalation anthrax
29
What are some symptoms of Anthrax?
High fever, difficulty breathing, vomiting and coughing up blood, severe chest pains
30
What is ID50?
Median INFECTIOUS dose; number of pathogen cells required to cause infection in 50% of inoculated animals.
31
What is LD50?
Median LETHAL dose; amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals.
32
What are the 4 stages of Pathogenesis?
1. Exposure (contact) 2. Adhesion (colonization) 3. Invasion 4. Infection
33
What is Stage 1: Exposure (contact)?
Entry of the pathogen into the body via portals of entry (skin, mucous membrane, parenteral routes, breaches in protective tissues).
34
What are Virulence Factors during Exposure?
Not applicable as the pathogen has not yet established itself within the host
35
What is Stage 2: Adhesion (colonization)?
Pathogens must adhere to host cells at the portal of entry to establish infection.
36
What are the Virulence Factors during Adhesion?
Pathogens use adhesion factors to attach to host cells.
37
What are some examples of Virulence Factors during Adhesion?
Bacterial fimbriae and flagella Protozoan cilia Viral spikes
38
What is Stage 3: Invasion?
Pathogens spread deeper into the body, often using exoenzymes or toxins.
39
What are some Virulence Factors during Invasion?
Exoenzymes Toxins Endotoxins Exotoxins
40
What are exoenzymes?
Facilitate invasion or support growth
41
What are toxins?
Biological poisons that assist in damage
42
What are endotoxins?
Part of outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
43
What are exotoxins?
Produced by living gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
44
What is Toxigenicity?
The ability of a pathogen to produce toxins that can damage host cell
45
What are some examples of Virulence Factors during Invasion?
Intracellular targeting toxins, Membrane-disrupting toxins, Superantigens.
46
What is Stage 4: Infection?
After invasion, successful multiplication of the pathogen leads to infection, which can be local, focal, or systemic, depending on its spread within the body.
47
What are Virulence Factors during Invasion?
Pathogens have evolved a variety of sophisticated mechanisms to evade the host's immune defenses which allows them to survive, replicate, and cause disease within the host.
48
What are some examples of Virulence Factors during Infection?
Capsules Proteases Antigenic Variation
49
What are Capsules?
Prevent detection by immune cells.
50
What are Proteases?
They break down protein molecules.
51
What is Antigenic Variation?
Pathogens alter surface proteins to evade immune detection.
52
What is the difference between Pathogenicity and Virulence?
Pathogenicity is the pathogen's ability to infect a person (cause disease). Virulence is how well a pathogen can spread to others (the degrees of disease/damage it causes).
53
Describe the symptoms and route of transmission for Bacillus anthracis (anthrax).
Symptoms: Fever, difficulty breathing, vomiting/coughing up blood, chest pains Routes of Transmission: inhalation, ingestion, injection, skin contact
54
What are ID50 and LD50 and why are they important?
ID50 stands for "infectious dose 50," which is the amount of a pathogen needed to infect 50% of a test population, while LD50 stands for "lethal dose 50," meaning the dose of a substance required to kill 50% of a test population. Both are crucial measures in toxicology and microbiology to assess the virulence of a pathogen or the toxicity of a substance.
55
List and briefly describe the 4 stages of Pathogenesis.
The four stages of pathogenesis are: Exposure (initial contact with the pathogen), Adhesion (attachment to host cells), Invasion (spread of the pathogen within the host), and Infection (successful multiplication of the pathogen within the host tissue), where the pathogen establishes itself and causes disease.
56
Give examples of how pathogen evade the immune system.
- Hide within cells - Avoid antibodies - Avoid the Complement system - Avoid phagocytes - Survive inside phagocytes
57
What are the 4 ways we acquire Immunity?
Passive Naturally Acquired Active Naturally Acquired Passive Artificially Acquired Active Artificially Acquired
58
What is Passive Naturally Acquired Immunity?
Antibodies from mother to baby
59
What is Active Naturally Acquired Immunity?
Infection or illness leading to immunity
60
What is Passive Artificially Acquired Immunity?
Antibodies from injection (immune globulin therapy)
61
What is Active Artificially Acquired Immunity?
Vaccinations
62
What are Primary Pathogens?
Cause disease regardless of the host’s microbiota or immune system. (E. coli & shiga toxin)
63
What are Opportunistic Pathogens?
Cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised.
64
T or F: Infection is defined as "The successful colonization of a host by a microorganism”
True
65
T or F: All infections produce symptoms and are obvious.
False An infection may be asymptomatic, meaning the person has no noticeable symptoms but is still infected with a pathogen.
66
T or F: All infections result in disease.
False
67
T or F: A disease typically occurs once the cells in your body are damaged in some way (i.e.,when pathological changes occur).
True
68
How is Disease states ranked?
Disease states exist along a spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic to severe illness or even death
69
What are signs?
Signs of disease are objective and measurable, observed by clinicians (temp, BP, HR, RR).
70
What are symptoms?
Symptoms of disease are subjective experiences felt by the patient, such as nausea, loss of appetite, and pain, and are not clinically measurable.
71
What is a Syndrome?
Specific groups of signs and symptoms characteristic of particular diseases are called syndromes which are often named based on signs, symptoms, or disease location.
72
What are the 4 stages of Disease?
1. Stage of Susceptibility 2. Stage of Subclinical Disease 3. Stage of Clinical Disease 4. Stage of Recovery, Disability, or Death
73
What are the 5 periods of Disease?
1. Incubation Period 2. Prodromal Period 3. Illness Period 4. Decline Period 5. Convalescence Period
74
What are the 3 types of Disease?
Acute Chronic Latent
75
What are Acute Diseases?
These involve rapid onset and short duration, with symptoms appearing quickly and resolving within a few days to weeks (Influenza).
76
What are Chronic Diseases?
These develop slowly and persist over long periods, potentially lasting months, years, or a lifetime (Hep B).
77
What are Latent Diseases?
In these diseases, the pathogen remains dormant within the host for extended periods without causing symptoms. However, the pathogen can reactivate under certain conditions, leading to recurrent episodes of illness (Chickenpox and Shingles).
78
What does it mean to be Pathogenic?
Causes disease
79
What does it mean to be Non-pathogenic?
Does not cause disease
80
What are the 3 types of Exotoxins?
1. Intracellular Targeting Toxins 2. Membrane-Disrupting Toxins 3. Superantigens
81
What are Intracellular Targeting Toxins?
These toxins enter host cells and disrupt specific cellular processes. - The cholera toxin from Vibrio cholerae increases fluid secretion in intestinal cells, leading to severe diarrhea.
82
What are Membrane-Disrupting Toxins?
These toxins damage host cell membranes, causing cell lysis. - Streptococcus pyogenes produces streptolysin, which forms pores in cell membranes, leading to cell death.
83
What are Superantigens?
These exotoxins overstimulate the immune system, leading to excessive inflammation and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
84
What are the 5 ways Pathogens survive within a host?
1. Hide within cells 2. Avoid antibodies 3. Avoid the Complement system 4. Avoid phagocytes 5. Surviving inside phagocytes

BIOL71040 (12 decks)

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