Week 10: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Lymphatic Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What are some Systemic Infections Affecting the CV System?
A
- Sepsis (including puerperal sepsis)
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers
- Gas gangrene
2
Q
What are some Conditions Affecting the Lymphatic System?
A
- Lymphangitis
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Tularemia
- Cat-Scratch Disease
3
Q
What are some Conditions Affecting Both Systems (CV and Lymphatic)?
A
- Cytomegalovirus
- Toxoplasmosis
- Human immunodeficiency virus
4
Q
What are some Conditions Affecting the Heart?
A
- Endocarditis
- Myocarditis
- Pericarditis
- Rheumatic fever
5
Q
What are some Vector Transmitted Diseases?
A
- Yellow fever & Dengue fever
- Malaria
- Babesiosis
- Chagas’ disease
6
Q
What is Sepsis?
A
Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection; Conceptualized as malignant intravascular inflammation
7
Q
What are the 6 steps leading to Sepsis?
A
- Infection
- Bacteremia
- Sepsis
- Septic Shock
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
- Death
8
Q
What are some Bacterial causes of Sepsis?
A
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Pseudomonas
Pasteurella
Enterobacteriaceae sp.
Acinetobacter
Others
9
Q
What are some Viral causes of Sepsis?
A
Influenza
RSV
Coronavirus
Rhinovirus
MERS-CoV
SARS-CoV
SARS-CoV-2
Adenovirus
10
Q
What are the Fungal causes of Sepsis?
A
Candida albicans
Others
11
Q
What is the Unknown type of microorganisms that causes Sepsis?
A
Culture negative
12
Q
What causes Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers?
A
A group of conditions of zoonotic origin caused by four families of RNA viruses
13
Q
How are humans infected with Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers?
A
Infection in humans occurs when bit by an infected mosquito, tick, bat, or rodent
14
Q
What are Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers known for?
A
They are known for their ability or potential to cause vascular damage to blood vessels and subsequent bleeding
15
Q
Where is Yellow Fever found?
A
Urban or jungle settings in South America or Africa
16
Q
What are the 3 classifications of Symptoms of Yellow Fever?
A
Mild
Moderate to Severe
Malignant
17
Q
What are mild symptoms of Yellow Fever?
A
Most have no illness or mild disease with sudden onset of dizziness, fever (39-40°C), chills, headache, myalgias, flushing, nausea, vomiting, constipation, fatigue, restlessness, and irritability.
18
Q
What are Moderate/Sever symptoms of Yellow Fever?
A
Fever falls but recurs later with jaundice, petechial rash, mucosal hemorrhages, oliguria, epigastric tenderness, bloody vomit, confusion, and apathy.
19
Q
What are Malignant symptoms of Yellow Fever?
A
Shock, coma, multiple organ failure, and increased risk of death.
20
Q
Is there a vaccination for Yellow Fever?
A
Yes
21
Q
What is the treatment given for Yellow Fever?
A
Supportive treatment
22
Q
How many cases of Dengue fever per year?
A
~390 million
23
Q
What are the 3 classification of Dengue fever?
A
Dengue fever
Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Dengue shock syndrome
24
Q
Is there any treatment for Dengue fever?
A
Supportive treatment
25
Filoviruses causing fatal hemorrhagic fevers, with ________ being the most lethal species
Ebola Zaire
26
How is Ebola and Marburg spread?
Spread through direct contact with infected body fluids; fruit bats (Rousettus aegypticus) are the most likely natural reservoir.
27
How does Ebola and Marburg present?
Fever, headache, and myalgia followed by gastrointestinal symptoms; severe cases may lead to bleeding and multi-organ failure.
28
How is Ebola and Marburg managed/prevented?
Supportive care, infection control, use of PPE, isolation, and vaccination are key strategies.
29
What virus is a member of the Bunyaviridae family with 50 different viruses?
Hantavirus
30
What are the two major syndromes that Hantavirus can present?
1. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
2. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
31
How is Hantavirus transmitted?
Transmission occurs via inhalation of rodent droppings and insect vectors with rare cases of human-to-human transmission
32
What are symptoms of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome?
High fever, headache, chills, nausea, inflammation or redness of the eyes, or a rash.
Later symptoms are hemorrhaging, hypotension, kidney failure, shock, and death
33
What are symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
Begins as a nonspecific flu-like illness (headache, fever, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain)
Patients rapidly develop pulmonary edema and hypotension resulting in pneumonia, shock, and death
34
What are the two types of gangrene?
Dry and Wet
35
Gas gangrene is a type of dry or wet gangrene?
Wet
36
What typically causes gangrene?
Peripheral arterial disease
37
What is gangrene associated with?
Bacterial infection
38
What are some Viral causes of Pericarditis?
Parvovirus B19, Cytomegalovirus, Enterovirus, Influenza virus (H1N1), Parainfluenza virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Varicella zoster virus
39
What are some Bacterial causes of Pericarditis?
Neisseria meningitidis group C, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumonia, Coxiella burnetii, Streptococcus group A, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Lyme disease, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus
40
What are other causes of Pericarditis?
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa)
41
What is the treatment for Pericarditis?
Most causes of pericarditis are viral in nature, efforts are predominantly geared towards reducing inflammation (NSAIDs and Colchicine).
42
What is Endocarditis?
An infection of the heart’s inner lining, often caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, viridans streptococci, and the HACEK group.
43
T or F: Endocarditis typically follows breaches in the body’s defenses (e.g., dental procedures) and affects those with preexisting heart conditions or prosthetic valves.
True
44
What are the 2 stages of Endocarditis?
Acute
Subacute
45
What does Acute Endocarditis do?
It rapidly destroys heart valves
46
What does Subacute Endocarditis do?
It progresses over months, forming bacterial vegetations that may require valve replacement.
47
How is Endocarditis diagnosed and treated?
Confirmed via blood cultures and echocardiograms, and treatment involves high doses of intravenous antibiotics tailored to the specific pathogen.
48
What is Pneumonia?
an acute infection of the lung parenchyma.
49
What are the two classifications of Pneumonia?
1. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
2. Nosocomial pneumonia (Acquired in hospital settings)
50
What are the 2 types of Nosocomial pneumonia (Acquired in hospital settings)?
1. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): Acquired ≥48 hours after hospital admission.
2. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): Acquired ≥48 hours after endotracheal intubation.
51
What pathogens are responsible for Pneumonia?
Bacteria (some atypical), Viruses
52
What are the 2 prevention methods for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Vaccines
Immunoglobulin
53
Who are most at risk of contracting RSV?
Babies & young children
Older people/Elders
54
What are some common Fungal pathogen responsible for Pneumonia?
Aspergillosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
Pneumocystis pneumonia
55
How is Fungal Pneumonia treated?
Antifungal medications
56
What's the organism responsible for Tuberculosis (TB)?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
57
What are some characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Rod-shaped
Strict aerobes
Waxy cell walls (helps them to survive on dry surfaces for months, resist disinfectants, and divide very slowly)
58
T or F: TB is a highly infectious disease.
False
59
What is needed for transmission of TB?
Close, frequent and prolonged exposure is necessary to become infected; transmission typically occurs via airborne route.
60
What are some symptoms of Tuberculosis?
Loss of weight
Tired easily
Cough
Fever
Hypotension
61
What factors impact the Host's contraction of TB?
Health status
Prior vaccination
Host genetic factors
62
What factors of the Environment allow for the spread of TB?
Air circulation and ventilation
Proximity to source case
Duration of exposure
63
What impacts the Agent's virility?
Strain variability
64
What are the 2 types of TB infections?
Primary and Secondary
65
Which type of TB infection is more dangerous?
Secondary
66
What makes Secondary TB infection more serious?
It creates aggressive, destructive cavitations of lung tissue (necrosis of the lung tissues)
67
How are Ghon Tubercles formed?
Alveolar macrophages ingest, but cannot destroy the capsule of the bacteria; Bacteria reproduce inside macrophages; T-lymphocytes activate cell-mediated immunity ; Macrophages and lymphocytes cluster together around the bacillus forming a granuloma (walled-off area of bacteria) = Ghon tubercle
68
What is Extrapulmonary (miliary) TB?
TB outside of the lungs that can create multiple granulomas in lungs and rapidly disseminates to other tissues such as bone or kidney
69
What tests are available to screen for TB?
Tuberculin skin test (TST)
Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA)
70
What is Pertussis?
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is caused by Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative coccobacillus.
71
How is Pertussis characterized?
Characterized by intense coughing fits due to mucus buildup in the lungs, often producing a "whoop" sound when inhaling through inflamed airways.
72
T or F: Pertussis is highly contagious and often spreads through droplet transmission.
True
73
What does Pertussis do within the body (pathophysiology)?
It uses filamentous hemagglutinin to attach to airway cells and releases exotoxins, including pertussis toxin (PT) and tracheal cytotoxin, which damage cells, disrupt cellular signaling, and trigger inflammation.
74
What is Legionnaires Disease?
A form of atypical pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila, a gram-negative bacterium that thrives in moist, human-made environments like cooling towers, humidifiers, and fountains, spreading through aerosols.
75
T or F: Legionnaires disease is treatable with antibiotics.
True, antibotics can be used but there is no vaccine for the disease
76
What is Pontiac Fever?
Essentially Legionnaires Disease without a lower respiratory tract infection.
77
Can Pontiac Fever resolve itself without treatment?
Often times yes
78
What are some symptoms of Pontiac Fever?
Symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
79
What is Influenza?
A common viral disease of the lower respiratory system caused by the influenza virus
80
What are symptoms of Influenza?
Symptoms often include cold-like symptoms alongside fever, chills, and body aches
81
What are the 3 types of Influence Viruses?
A, B, and C
82
What is Influenza A?
Most virulent and causes season influenza; Can infect animals
83
What is Influenza B?
Less virulent, but sometimes associated with epidemics; No significant animal reservoir
84
What is Influenza C?
Mildest disease symptoms; rarely connected with epidemics
85
What are the 2 structures and attachments of Helical Viruses?
Hemagglutinin (HA)
Neuraminidase (NA)
86
What are Hemagglutinin (HA)?
An adhesion that allows the virus to bind to specific receptors (sialic acid residues) on the surface of host cells, particularly in the respiratory tract, facilitating the virus's entry into the cells.
87
What are Neuraminidase (NA)?
Not an adhesion, but it helps the virus to release from the host cell after replication
88
What sort of intermediate host did SARS originate from?
Likely bats
89
What sort of intermediate host did MERS originate from?
Likely bats as well, but it also spreads through camels
90
Are SARS or MERS more contagious?
SARS
91
How does SARS spread?
Through person-to-person contact and by airborne droplets
92
How does MERS spread?
From camels to humans, human to human spread is limited
93
Of SARS and MERS, which is more lethal?
MERS
94
What system do SARS and MERS impact?
Respiratory
95
T or F: Both SARS and MERS can lead to cytokine storms, which can result in lung injury and multi-organ failure.
True
96
What is Measles caused by?
Caused by a single-stranded RNA virus (the measles virus – MeV) with an envelope and hemagglutinin spikes, similar to an influenza virus
97
How is Measles spread?
Spread by direct contact or inhalation of airborne droplets (HIGHLY contagious)
98
What are some symptoms of Measles?
Symptoms include high fever, sore throat, conjunctivitis, a hallmark rash and Koplik spots
99
What are Chicken Pox and Shingles caused by?
Caused by the varicella-zoster virus, a member of the herpesvirus family
100
What are symptoms of Chicken Pox?
Typically begins with fever and chills, followed by a rash that starts on the face, spreads to the trunk, and may extend to the limbs. The rash develops into pustules that burst and form scabs.
101
Is Chicken Pox contagious?
HIGHLY contagious
102
What are symptoms of Shingles?
Shingles typically presents as a painful, localized rash on the face or trunk that forms blister-like lesions.
103
Are Shingles contagious?
Shingles itself is not, however you can spread the virus to someone who is not immune and give them Chicken Pox
104
What is Diphtheria caused by?
Caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram-positive rod)
105
What are symptoms of Diphtheria?
Typically an upper respiratory infection (oropharynx) of the young and old, but can also cause lesions on the skin
106
Diphtheria releases a toxin that eventually leads to what?
The appearance of the Pseudomembrane
107
What is the Pseudomembrane?
A greyish exudate that is comprised of dead cells, pus, red blood cells, fibrin, and bacteria
108
What mucous membranes does the Pseudomembrane impact?
The mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, tonsils, pharynx, and larynx
109
What is dangerous about the Pseudomembrane?
It can enlarge to the point of obstruction, suffocation, and death and spread to other parts of the body damaging those tissues as well.
110
What is Lymphangitis?
Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels
111
What type of pathogen causes Lymphangitis?
Bacteria
112
What is Nodular Lymphangitis?
A form of lymphangitis that presents as painful or painless nodular subcutaneous swellings along the course of lymphatic channels
113
What types of pathogens causes Nodular Lymphangitis?
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Viruses
114
What is Cat Scratch Disease?
A zoonotic infection caused by the gram-negative bacterium Bartonella henselae.
115
What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?
Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are retroviruses that are the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
116
What are the 2 types of HIV?
HIV-1 (Worldwide)
HIV-2 (West Africa)
117
How is Cytomegalovirus transmitted?
Transmitted through body fluids (saliva, urine, sexual contact, blood transfusions, organ transplants).
118
Are most Cytomegalovirus cases symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic
119
What is Malaria?
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, continues to threaten over half of the world’s population, with P. falciparum being the most common and deadly species.
120
How is Malaria transmitted?
Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes
121
What are symptoms of Malaria?
Fever, chills, and fatigue as red blood cells rupture; Severe cases can lead to organ failure and death.
122
What is Chagas Disease (Kissing Bug Disease)?
It is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomine bugs (kissing bugs) through their infected faeces, often rubbed into bite wounds.
123
What are the 3 phases of Chagas Disease?
Acute, intermediate, and chronic
124
What are some symptoms of Chagas Disease?
Acute symptoms include fever, myalgia, swelling at the bite site (chagoma), and eyelid swelling (Romaña’s sign).
If untreated, chronic complications may arise years later, including heart failure or digestive issues.
