Week 4: Cardiovascular Disorders

Question 1

________= Reduced blood supply → Oxygen deprivation → Tissue damage

Answer 1

Ischemia

Question 2

_________ is a condition with reduced or blocked blood flow to a part of the body, usually due to a blood vessel obstruction. This lack of blood flow deprives tissues of oxygen and nutrients, which can lead to damage or dysfunction.

Answer 2

Ischemia

Question 3

High LDL cholesterol/Low HDL cholesterol are risk factors for?

Answer 3

Plaque build-up of Atherosclerosis

Question 4

What is acidosis?

Answer 4

Acidosis is a condition in which the body’s fluids become too acidic

Question 5

What is alkalosis?

Answer 5

Alkalosis is a condition in which the blood becomes too alkaline

Question 6

What are cardiovascular disorders?

Answer 6

Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels.

Examples include atherosclerosis, angina, myocardial infarction, and hypertension.

Question 7

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disorders?

Answer 7

Risk factors can be modifiable (e.g., smoking) or non-modifiable (e.g., age).

Question 8

What is the cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Answer 8

Poor coronary blood flow, leading to myocardial tissue damage.

Question 9

What is the main cause of CAD?

Answer 9

Atherosclerosis, with plaques narrowing artery lumens.

Question 10

How does plaque develop in CAD?

Answer 10

Through endothelial injury, LDL oxidation, and necrotic core formation.

Question 11

What are the risk factors for CAD?

Answer 11

Age, gender, family history (non-modifiable); high BP, smoking, obesity (modifiable).

Question 12

What are other causes of reduced blood flow in CAD?

Answer 12

Aneurysm, vasculitis, congenital defects, spasms.

Question 13

What is the pathophysiology of CAD?

Answer 13

An imbalance of oxygen supply and demand, leading to ischemia.

Question 14

What are the effects of ischemia?

Answer 14

Anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid build-up, reduced pH.

Question 15

What is angina?

Answer 15

Chest pain, a classic sign of CAD.

Question 16

What are the types of angina?

Answer 16

Stable (predictable) and unstable (more easily induced, may lead to MI).

Question 17

What causes a myocardial infarction (MI)?

Answer 17

Prolonged ischemia, leading to cell damage and muscle death.

Question 18

What are the predisposing factors for MI?

Answer 18

Age, diabetes, high lipids, hypertension, smoking.

Question 19

What is the pathophysiology of MI?

Answer 19

Reduced contractility and abnormal wall motion.

Question 20

What are the outcomes of MI?

Answer 20

Scar tissue, compensatory mechanisms, heart failure.

Question 21

How is angina managed compared to MI?

Answer 21

Angina: nitroglycerin; MI: oxygen, opioids.

Question 22

What is heart failure?

Answer 22

Myocardium unable to pump effectively.

Question 23

What is the principal mechanism by which the heart compensates for increased workload?

Answer 23

Myocardial hypertrophy

Question 24

What are the classifications of heart failure?

Answer 24

Right-sided, left-sided, systolic, diastolic, acute, chronic.

Question 25

What are the early signs/symptoms of heart failure?

Answer 25

Fatigue, dyspnea, neck vein engorgement.

Question 26

What are the late signs/symptoms of heart failure?

Answer 26

Tachypnea, oedema, weight gain.

Question 27

What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

Answer 27

Acute myocardial infraction

Question 28

What is hypertension (HTN)?

Answer 28

Consistently elevated BP ≥140/90 mmHg.

Question 29

What are the risk factors for hypertension?

Answer 29

Age, race, sodium intake, obesity.

Question 30

What are the types of hypertension?

Answer 30

Essential, secondary, malignant.

Question 31

What are the complications of hypertension?

Answer 31

Heart failure, stroke, blindness, MI, renal failure.

Question 32

What is rheumatic fever (RF)?

Answer 32

An inflammatory disease after Streptococcus pyogenes infection.

Question 33

What is the pathophysiology of RF?

Answer 33

Antibodies cross-react with heart tissues.

Question 34

What are the signs/symptoms of RF?

Answer 34

Fever, polyarthritis, rash.

Question 35

What are the symptoms of rheumatic heart disease (RHD)?

Answer 35

Shortness of breath.

Question 36

What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?

Answer 36

Disruption of peripheral perfusion.

Question 37

What are the features of PVD?

Answer 37

Reduced perfusion, ischemia, claudication.

Question 38

What is Buerger’s disease?

Answer 38

Blockages of distal blood vessels, linked to tobacco.

Question 39

What are varicose veins?

Answer 39

Twisted, dilated veins due to valve issues.

Question 40

What is the difference between thrombophlebitis and DVT?

Answer 40

Thrombophlebitis: inflammation; DVT: thrombus in deep veins.

Question 41

What is circulatory shock?

Answer 41

Inadequate tissue perfusion.

Question 42

What are the types of shock?

Answer 42

Cardiogenic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, hypovolemic, septic.

Question 43

What is cardiogenic shock?

Answer 43

Shock due to heart failure.

Question 44

What is neurogenic shock?

Answer 44

Shock due to CNS dysfunction.

Question 45

What is anaphylactic shock?

Answer 45

Shock due to an allergic reaction.

Question 46

What is hypovolemic shock?

Answer 46

Shock due to reduced blood volume.

Question 47

What is septic shock?

Answer 47

Shock due to bacterial infection and excessive cytokine release.

Question 48

What are the compensatory mechanisms in shock?

Answer 48

Sympathetic nervous system, RAA system.

Question 49

From the following clients, who are at high risk for developing heart failure as a result of diastolic dysfunction?

Answer 49

A 48-year-old client with uncontrolled hypertension, A 70-year-old with an enlarged left ventricle due to myocardial hypertrophy

Question 50

What are the 2 characteristics of myocardial infarction?

Answer 50

A medical emergency and An outcome of myocardial cell death

Question 51

Hypertension often goes undetected until symptoms of other system failures occur. Which of the following may occur?

Answer 51

Cerebrovascular accident

Question 52

A 60-year-old obese farmer is brought to the local emergency department after he developed a twinge of chest pain while shoveling grain 3 hours ago. He smokes two packs of cigarettes daily and a heavy drinker. He describes a dull, aching, viselike pain around his chest, with radiation to the left shoulder. He also discloses that when the pain was at its worst, he experienced nausea and vomiting. His blood pressure is 160/100 mm Hg, and his pulse is 120 and irregular. What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?

Answer 52

Acute myocardial infarction

Question 53

Dyspnea, cough, expectoration, weakness, and edema are classic signs and symptoms of which of the following conditions?

Answer 53

Heart failure

Question 54

True or False The purpose of compensatory mechanisms in shock is to restore blood pressure and tissue perfusion

Answer 54

True

Question 55

True or False Anaphylactic shock results in widespread vasoconstriction.

Answer 55

False It responds to widespread vasodilation