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Pathology > Week 1: Cellular Adaptation, Disease, Inflammation, Healing, Fever + Cancer > Flashcards

Week 1: Cellular Adaptation, Disease, Inflammation, Healing, Fever + Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

The science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes

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2
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The study of the mechanisms by which disease and illness alter the functioning of the body

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3
Q

What are the four key principles of pathophysiology?

A

Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and epidemiology

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4
Q

Define etiology.

A

The study of the cause or causes of a disease

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5
Q

Define pathogenesis.

A

Represents the development of a disease

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6
Q

Define clinical manifestations.

A

Demonstrable changes representing the changes in function brought about by a disease process

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7
Q

What is cellular adaptation?

A

How cells react to stress by drawing on reserves to keep functioning, by adaptive changes or by cellular dysfunction. If enough reserve is available and the body doesn’t detect abnormalities, the cell adapts by atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, or dysplasia.

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8
Q

Define atrophy.

A

A reversible reduction in the size of the cell

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9
Q

Give an example of physiological atrophy.

A

Thymus atrophy during early human development (childhood)

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10
Q

Give an example of pathological atrophy.

A

Skeletal muscle atrophy due to disuse

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11
Q

Define hypertrophy.

A

An increase in the size of a cell due to an increased workload

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12
Q

Give an example of physiological hypertrophy.

A

Skeletal muscle with sustained weight-bearing exercise

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13
Q

Give an example of pathological hypertrophy.

A

Cardiac muscle as a result of hypertension

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14
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

An increase in the number of cells due to an increased rate of mitosis

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15
Q

Give an example of hyperplasia.

A

Cushing’s disease (adrenal cortex)

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16
Q

Define metaplasia.

A

Reversible change in which another mature cell type replaces one mature cell type

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17
Q

Give an example of metaplasia.

A

The change from pseudostratified columnar to squamous epithelium in the airways due to cigarette smoke

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18
Q

Define dysplasia.

A

Variation in size and shape of cells within a tissue that leads to a breakdown in the organization and arrangement of the tissue. It may be considered a precancerous stage

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19
Q

Give an example of dysplasia

A

Squamous dysplasia of the cervix

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20
Q

Define neoplasia.

A

New, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control

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21
Q

What are the main causes of cell injury?

A

Toxin, infection, physical insult or injury, and deficit

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22
Q

What is cell degeneration?

A

type of nonlethal cell damage, generally in the cytoplasm of the cell, while the nucleus remains unaffected

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23
Q

Define necrosis.

A

A process whereby injury directly leads to unplanned cell death and autolysis

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24
Q

What is a disease?

A

Disease occurs when homeostasis isn’t maintained

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25
What are the stages of disease?
Exposure or injury, latent or incubation period, prodromal period, acute phase, remission, convalescence, and recovery
26
Define apoptosis.
A form of physiological or programmed cell death
27
What is an illness?
llness occurs when a person is no longer in a state of normal health and is highly individual and personal
28
What is inflammation?
The body’s immune system response to stimulus, with the purpose to neutralize quickly the injurious agent and stop further cell damage
29
True or False Early signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are joint pain, tenderness, redness, and swelling.
TRUE
30
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness (rubor), warmth (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa)
31
What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the initial response, involving the movement of plasma and leukocytes. Chronic inflammation involves mononuclear cells and simultaneous tissue destruction and healing
32
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
Resolution, fibrosis, abscess formation, or chronic inflammation
33
Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Infiltration with neutrophils
34
What is first intention healing?
Healing where the lesion involves little loss of tissue and most of the functional tissue is repaired with minimal scar formation
35
What is second intention healing?
Healing where the lesion involves significant loss of tissue framework and usually results in significant scarring and little regeneration of functional tissue
36
What will be the immediate action of an allergen when it enters the body for a second time?
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
37
What is fever?
An elevation in body temperature produced in response to pyrogens that act by resetting hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
38
What are the four stages of fever?
Prodromal period, chill, flush, and defervescence
39
what are the causes of inflammation?
Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi) External Injuries (scrapes or foreign objects) Chemical effects or radiation
40
What are the 5 'R's of acute inflammation?
Recognition Recruitment Removal Repair Regulation
41
What are the characteristics of acute inflammation?
Fast onset Activates the innate immune system Can last hours to days Little to no tissue injury Increased vasodilation- bloodflow Has local signs
42
What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?
Slow onset Activates the adaptive immune system Can last years Progressive tissue injury Has more systemic signs
43
What are the factors that impede healing?
Infection Movement Poor nutrient supply (glucose, vit C, protein) Poor oxygen delivery Poor blood flow Drug therapy
44
What are the stages of wound healing?
Bleeding- bloodclot Inflammatory- fibroblasts, macrophage, scab Proliferative- fibroblasts proliferating and fat Remodeling- freshly healed dermis and epidermis
45
What is cancer?
A destructive (malignant) growth of cells, which invades nearby tissues and may metastasize to other areas of the body
46
What are some common warning signs of cancer?
C- change in bowel/bladder habits A- a sore that doesn’t heal U- unusual bleeding or discharge T- thickening or lump I- indigestion or difficulty swallowing O- obvious changes in warts or moles N- nagging cough or hoarseness
47
What is metastasis?
The spread of a tumor or cancer to distant parts of the body from its original site
48
How is cancer classified?
By the tissues or blood cells in which it originates
49
What causes cancer?
All involve a malfunction of genes that control cell growth and division.
50
What is carcinogenesis?
Cells' transformation from normal to cancerous which has no single cause
51
What are the factors that may cause cancer?
Viruses, UV exposure, environmental factors, immunity, diet, genetics
52
What are the 6 steps in metastasis?
Separation from primary tumor or site Invasion through tissues Entry into the blood vessel + survival within the blood Entry into lymphatics or peritoneal cavity Reaching the distant organs Formation of new lesion along with new blood vessels feeding the new tumor (Angiogenesis)
53
What are the 3 mechanisms of metastasis?
Direct spread by diffusion to other body cavities Circulation through blood or lymph Direct transportation of cells from one site to another (physically carried during surgery)
54
What are the 6 types of cellular adaptation?
Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia Neoplasia
55
What are the causes of cell injury?
Toxins Infection Physical Deficit
56
What is cell degeneration?
A type of nonlethal cell damage generally occurring in the cytoplasm, while the nucleus isn’t affected, usually affecting organs with metabolically active cells like the Liver, Heart and Kidneys
57
What are the causes of cell degeneration?
Edema or cellular swelling, fat where it shouldn’t be, cells consuming parts of itself (autophagocytosis), colour changes, calcification, hyaline where it shouldn't be, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and dysplasia in regards to chronic irritation.
58
What are the factors affecting cell aging?
Intrinsic factors such as psychogenic, congenital, metabolic, degenerative, neoplastic, immunologic or Physical agents like force, temperature, humidity, radiation, electricity, chemicals or Infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, insects and worms
59
Why does inflammation happen?
To stop further cell damage by eliminating the harmful agent To clean up the tissue site to ignite healing
60
What if the harmful agent persists regarding inflammation?
The inflammatory response will become chronic leading to tissue damage & deformity, where the healing process can't be completed
61
What is the most common source of inflammation?
Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi
62
What is an iatrogenic infection?
Physician induced infection
63
What is the characteristic of malignant melanoma?
Uncontrolled growth of the melanocytes

Pathology (12 decks)

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