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NERU332 - Neuroanatomy > Week 4: Brain Stem/Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Week 4: Brain Stem/Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

List the major anatomical regions/divisions of the Brain Stem

A
  • The medulla oblongata
  • The pons
  • The midbrain
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2
Q

The junction of the spinal cord and medulla is level with the _____?

A

foramen magnum (hole in base of skull)

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3
Q

What are the lengths of each region/division of the brain stem?

A
  • The medulla oblongata: 3cm
  • The pons: 2.5cm
  • The midbrain: 1.5cm
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4
Q

The apex of the V-shaped
boundary of the inferior part of the fourth ventricle, which is folded caudally over the most rostral 1 to 2 mm of the
central canal is known as the:

a. tuberculum cinereum
b. obex
c. inferior cerebellar peduncle
d. pyramid

A

b. obex

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5
Q

Why is the rostral end of the medulla called the “open part”?

A

because the thin roof of the fourth ventricle is usually removed in the course of dissection

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6
Q

What is the basilar sulcus?

A

The basilar sulcus is a a shallow groove in the midline of the basal pons. It accommodates the basilar
artery.

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7
Q

________ is a body of white matter that connects
the medulla with the cerebellum and forms the side wall of the caudal half of the fourth ventricle.

a. the inferior olivary nucleus
b. the gracile fasciculus
c. the inferior cerebellar peduncle
d. the cuneate fasciculus

A

c. the inferior cerebellar peduncle

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8
Q

What is the closed part of the medulla?

A

The caudal part of the medulla is the closed part (it contains a continuation of the central canal of the spinal cord).

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9
Q

What is the pyramid, and where is it locateed?

A

The ventral surface of the medulla. It consists of

corticospinal fibers also called pyramidal tract.

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10
Q

List the 12 Cranial nerves.

A 
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor 
IV. Trochlear 
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens 
VII. Facial 
VIII. Vestibulocochlear 
IX. Glossopharyngeal 
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory 
XIII. Hypoglossal
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11
Q

The pontine nuclei is the site of termination for fibers from the _________?

a. cerebral cortex of the same side
b. cerebral cortex of the opposite side
c. cerebellum of the same side
d. cerebellum of the opposite side

A

a. cerebral cortex of the same side

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12
Q

List the five types of fibers carried by cranial nerves.

A 
- somatic motor fibres 
– visceral motor fibres 
– general visceral sensory afferents,
– general somatic sensory
– special sensory afferents
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13
Q

What is the role of the basal pons?

A

the basal pons serves as a large synaptic relay station, providing a connection from the cortex of each cerebral
hemisphere to the opposite cerebellar hemisphere.

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Foramen of Magendie:

a. It is a deficiency of variable size in the inferior medullary velum
b. It is the median aperture of the fourth ventricle
c. It provides the principal communication between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space.
d. It makes a small addition to the volume of the CSF in the cavity of the fourth ventricle

A

d. It makes a small addition to the volume of the CSF in the cavity of the fourth ventricle

The above refers to the choroid plexus

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15
Q

Which cranial nerve enters the cranium through foramina of cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

I. Olfactory Nerves

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16
Q

What marks the transition between the basal pons and the cerebellar peduncles?

A

The attachment of the trigeminal nerve

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17
Q

What is the robust column of white matter on
each side of the midbrain, composed of corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine fibers?

a. The olive
b. The Basis pedunculi
c. The superior brachium
d. The interpenducular fossa

A

b. The Basis pedunculi (crus

cerebri)

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18
Q

What do somatic motor fibres innervate?

A

voluntary muscle, e.g. extra-occular, muscles of mastication

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19
Q

The tegmentum (dorsal part) of the pons is similar to much of the medulla and midbrain because ____?

a. is indented along its surface in the midline by a shallow groove
b. It secretes CSF
c. it contains ascending and descending tracts and nuclei of cranial nerves.
d. Its ventral surface extends from the pons to the mamillary bodies of the diencephalon.

A

c. it contains ascending and descending tracts and nuclei of cranial nerves.

Corrections: a applies to the basal part of the pons (the basilar sulcus); b applies to the choroid plexus; d applies to the midbrain

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20
Q

What do visceral motor fibres innervate?

A

involuntary muscle or glands, e.g. lacrimal gland

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21
Q

What is different about the cranial nerve nuclei of CN I and II compared to the other cranial nerve nuclei?

A

Except for CN I and II, all cranial nerve nuclei are located in the brain stem

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22
Q

The two lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle are:

a. The foramen of Luschka
b. The superior medullary velum
c. The Foramen of Magendie
d. The inferior medullary
velum

A

a. The foramen of Luschka

two lateral apertures of the
fourth ventricle which are
channels through which
cerebrospinal fluid enters the
subarachnoid space.
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23
Q

Where do the olfactory nerves (CNI) originate and terminate?

A

They originate at chemoreceptors of olfactory epithelium.

They terminate in olfactory bulbs.

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24
Q

What is the interpeduncular fossa?

a. The lateral surface of the midbrain
b. The dorsal surface of the
midbrain has four rounded
elevations, the paired inferior
and superior colliculi
c. The deep depression between the Basis pedunculi
d. The robust column of white matter on
each side of the midbrain

A

c. The deep depression between the Basis pedunculi

25
Q

Anosmia may result from damage to or deterioration of which cranial nerve?

A

Anosmia - loss of smell

Olfactory Nerves, CNI

26
Q

The cerebral peduncle comprises of which of the following (select all that apply):

a. the tegmentum
b. the basis pedunculi
c. the substantia nigra
d. the tectum
e. the paired inferior
and superior colliculi
f. some internal structures

A

a. the tegmentum
b. the basis pedunculi
c. the substantia nigra
f. some internal structures

27
Q

Which of the following have special sensory afferent fibers? (Select all that apply)

a. Olfactory nerves, CNI
b. Optic Nerves, CNII
c. Occulomotor Nerves, CNIII
d. Trochlear Nerves, CNIV
e. Trigeminal Nerves, CNV
f. Abducent Nerves, CNVI
g. Facial Nerves, CNVII
h. Vestibulochochlear Nerves, CNVIII
i. Glossopharyngeal Nerves, CNIX
j. Vagus Nerves, CNX
k. Spinal Accessory Nerves, CNXI
l. Hypoglossal Nerves, CNXII

A

a. Olfactory nerves, CNI
b. Optic Nerves, CNII
g. Facial Nerves, CNVII
h. Vestibulochochlear Nerves, CNVIII
i. Glossopharyngeal Nerves, CNIX
j. Vagus Nerves, CNX

28
Q

The four rounded
elevations on the dorsal surface of the midbrain are the …?

a. Olive
b. Mamillary bodies
c. the paired inferior
and superior colliculi
d. The pineal body

A

c. the paired inferior

and superior colliculi

29
Q

The dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord transmits impulses for:

a. motor function with
many axons of cortical origin arising in the primary somatosensory area
b. sensory data from the skin and internal organs.
c. reflex pathway for
constriction of the pupils
d. ipsilateral discriminative touch

A

d. ipsilateral discriminative touch

the same side of the body.

30
Q

Where do the optic tracts terminate?

A

The optic tracts terminate in lateral geniculate nucleus, LGN (thalamic)

31
Q

Which cranial nerve arises as group of rootlets (8-10) from medulla oblongata?

A

Vagus Nerves, CNX

32
Q

The cuneate fasciculus carries signals from the upper trunk, arm, and neck. These fibers terminate in the…?

a. the gracile nucleus
b. the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
c. the cuneate nucleus
d. Red nucleus

A

c. the cuneate nucleus

33
Q

List the five motor branches of Facial Nerves, CN VII.

A 
Temporal 
Zygomatic 
Buccal 
Mandibular 
Cervical
34
Q

List the four divisions of the vagus nerve.

A

cranial,
cervical,
thoracic,
abdominal

35
Q

Which of the following are true of the Medial Lemniscus System? (Select all that apply)

a. It is an ASCENDING PATHWAY
b. It is a DESCENDING TRACT
c. Fibers decussate
d. It is an ipsilateral pathway
e. It conveys somesthetic data to the superior colliculus and the reticular formation of the midbrain
f. The myelinated axons of the cells in the gracile and cuneate nuclei follow a curved course to the midline as internal arcuate fibers
g. the tract ends in the lateral division of the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

A

a. It is an ASCENDING PATHWAY
c. Fibers decussate
f. The myelinated axons of the cells in the gracile and cuneate nuclei follow a curved course to the midline as internal arcuate fibers
g. the tract ends in the lateral division of the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

36
Q

What are the origins of the Occulomotor Nerves, CNIII?

A

Origins: Somatic motor nucleus and Accessory nucleus

2 occulomotor nuclei in
mesencephalon
– Somatic motor nucleus
• Visceral
(parasympathetic)
– Accessory nucleus
(Edinger-Westphal)
37
Q

What is the role of the olfactory nerve?

A

sensation of odours that results from the detection of odorous substances aerosolised in the environment

38
Q

Where do the optic nerves originate and terminate?

A

They exit eyeball at optic disc and through optic canal

The optic tracts terminate in lateral geniculate nucleus, LGN (thalamic)

39
Q

What are the oculomotor nerves?

A

They are the chief motor
nerve to ocular and extraocular muscles

They have somatic and
visceral motor fibres

40
Q

Damage of which nerve may lead to paralysis of muscles of mastication - deviation to side of lesion, loss of facial touch, temperature, pain sensations, loss of corneal and sneezing reflexes?

a. Facial Nerves, CNVII
b. Trigeminal Nerves, CNV
c. Glossopharyngeal Nerves, CNIX
d. Vagus Nerves, CNX
e. Vestibulochochlear Nerves, CNVIII

A

b. Trigeminal Nerves, CNV

41
Q

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the Trigeminal Nerves, CNV?

a. Smallest cranial nerve
b. There are 6 trigeminal
nuclei: 2 motor, 4 sensory
c. Originate/terminate in
pons-medulla-spinal cord
d. Complete paralysis causes medial deviation
e. General and special sensory (taste from anterior 2/3 tongue)

A

c. Originate/terminate in
pons-medulla-spinal cord

Corrections:
Largest cranial nerve
There are 4 trigeminal
nuclei: 1 motor, 3 sensory

42
Q

Where do the olfactory nerves originate and terminate?

A

They originate at chemoreceptors of olfactory epithelium (in the nose) and they enter cranium through foramina of cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

They terminate in olfactory bulbs (base of the brain at
frontal ventral part)

43
Q 
Which cranial nerves include the following divisions: 
Opthalmic nerve - sensory only
Maxillary nerve - sensory only
• Mandibular nerve - sensory
and motor?
A

Trigeminal Nerves, CNV

44
Q

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the facial nerves CNVII?

a. Motor efferents to muscles of mastication
(temporalis & masseter)
b. Divides into 3
branches from the
trigeminal ganglion
c. Has motor function
d. Originates in the dorsal mesencephalon
e. Functions are general and special sensory (taste from anterior 2/3 tongue)

A

e. Functions are general and special sensory (taste from anterior 2/3 tongue)

45
Q

What is the role of the optic nerve?

A

Visual input

46
Q

Which nerves originate in vestibular apparatus and cochlea of inner ear?

A

Vestibulochochlear Nerves,

CNVIII

47
Q

Damage to the Troclear Nerves, CNIV, will result in which of the following:

a. Loss of pupillary reflex
b. Paralysis of muscles of mastication
c. – loss of facial touch, temperature, pain sensations
d. Visual field defects
e. Eyeball cannot turn inferomedially (intorsion)
f. loss of corneal and sneezing reflexes

A

e. Eyeball cannot turn inferomedially (intorsion)

48
Q

Where do the occulomotor nerves originate?

A 
Origin
• 2 occulomotor nuclei in
mesencephalon
– Somatic motor nucleus
• Visceral
(parasympathetic)
– Accessory nucleus
(Edinger-Westphal)
49
Q

The cell bodies for sensory
neurons of the facial nerve are located in the:

a. nucleus of the solitary tract
b. dorsal mesencephalon
c. Accessory nucleus
d. geniculate ganglion
e. pons

A

d. geniculate ganglion

(Motor nuclei in pons)

Taste sensation - nucleus
of the solitary tract
General sensory - spinal
nucleus of the trigeminal
nerve
50
Q

Somatic motor fibres from the oculomotor nerves
supply 4 out of the 6 extraocular muscles. What are they? (Select all that apply).

a. superior rectus
b. medial rectus
c. inferior rectus
d. superior oblique extraocular
e. inferior oblique
f. lateral rectus

A

a. superior rectus
b. medial rectus
c. inferior rectus
e. inferior oblique

51
Q

Bell’s palsy is the result of damage to which nerves?

A

Facial Nerves, CNVII

52
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Trigeminal Nerves, CNV?

a. Motor (small) and sensory (large) roots
b. divides into 3 branches from the trigeminal ganglion
c. Motor nuclei in pons – is the origin to larger motor root
d. Includes the Mandibular nerve, which has sensory and motor functions
e. Each CN V division
supplies skin and mucous membranes and innervates the dura

A

c. Motor nuclei in pons – is the origin to larger motor root

(This applies to the facial nerve)

53
Q

Which nerve originates in the pons and innervates the lateral rectus extraocular muscles?

A

Abducent Nerves, CNVI

54
Q

Which nerves visceral fibres supply
- parasympathetic innervation of eye via ciliary ganglion
– smooth muscle of pupil (sphincter pupillae) – constriction
– ciliary body -
accommodation (change in lens shape)?

A

Occulomotor Nerves, CNIII

55
Q

Which nerve originates in the dorsal mesencephalon to innervate superior oblique extraocular muscle of eye?

A

Trochlear Nerves, CNIV

56
Q

Injury of which cranial nerves can lead to:
– paralysis of muscles of mastication - deviation to side of lesion
– loss of facial touch, temperature, pain sensations
– loss of corneal and sneezing reflexes

A

Trigeminal Nerves, CNV

57
Q

Where does the Vestibulochochlear Nerves,
CNVIII terminate?

a. vestibular apparatus and cochlea of inner ear
b. internal acoustic meatus
c. geniculate ganglion
d. vestibular and cochlear nuclei of the midbrain
e. vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

A

e. vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

58
Q

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the Glossopharyngeal Nerves,
CNIX?

a. Has special sensory and sympathetic functions
b. Arises as group of rootlets (8-10) from medulla oblongata
c. Has lingual and pharyngeal branches; and carotid branch
d. Most frequently paralyzed
cranial nerve
e. Has somatic function (muscles of facial expression)

A

c. Has lingual and pharyngeal branches; and carotid branch

Corrections: 
General and special
sensory (major),
Motor (minor) to head &
neck, and parasympathetic

NERU332 - Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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