Week 2: Understanding brain structure through development Flashcards
What does the neural tube and neural crests form from?
The embryonic ectoderm
List the three primary vesicles of the brain.
Prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon
What are the special features of the human brain, compared to the rat brain?
Many similarities between
rat and human brain.
Some differences:
Rat cerebrum lacks convolutions of human brain (due to enormous expansion of cerebral cortex)
-Note relatively large olfactory bulb in rat
-Human brain has well developed temporal lobe
Hydrocephalus is caused by … ?
a. The faulty closure of the neural tube
b. The obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid
c. Ruptures in the neural tube
d. Discharge of synaptic transmitters into blood
b. The obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid
Which of the following means nose/front?
a. Coronal
b. Caudal
c. Dorsal
d. Rostral
e. Ventral
f. Medial
g. Distal
h. Lateral
d. Rostral
List the secondary vesicles of the forebrain
five secondary brain vesicles: Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, and Myelencephalon.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the somatic PNS?
a. innervates skin, joints, muscles
b. It controls voluntary movement
c. It has two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
d. It conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors
c. It has two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
State the main structural features of cortical tissue.
Common features of cerebral cortex in vertebrates
– Cell bodies in layers or sheets
– Surface layer separated from pia mater, layer I
– Apical dendrites form multiple branches
What are afferent axons?
Afferent (“carry to”): carry information toward a
particular point
List the three membranes
that surround the
brain
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid
membrane
• Pia mater
Which of the following means posterior at the level of the head?
a. Coronal
b. Caudal
c. Dorsal
d. Rostral
e. Ventral
f. Medial
g. Distal
h. Lateral
b. Caudal
The thalamus and hypothalamus are called…?
a. The mesencephalon
b. The telencephalon
c. The diencephalon
d. The hindbrain
c. The diencephalon
The hippocampus, olfactory cortex and neocortex are all…?
a. Types of cerebral cortex
b. Diencephalon structures
c. Two cell layers thick
a. Types of cerebral cortex
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the autonomic PNS?
a. innervates organs, blood vessels, glands
b. It’s voluntary
c. It has two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
d. It conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors
b. It’s voluntary
Which of the following processes visual and auditory data; generates reflexive somatic motor responses; maintains consciousness?
a. Diencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Pons
d. Medulla Oblongata
e. Cerebellum
f. Cerebrum
g. Thalamus
h. Hypothalamus
b. Mesencephalon
The thalamus and hypothalamus are called…?
a. The mesencephalon
b. The telencephalon
c. The diencephalon
d. The hindbrain
c. The diencephalon
The prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon are?
a. The ventricles
b. Primary vesicles
c. Secondary vesicles
d. The forebrain
b. Primary vesicles
What are efferent neurons?
Efferent (“carry from”): carry information away from a
point
Which of the following coordinates complex somatic motor patterns; and adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord?
a. Diencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Pons
d. Medulla Oblongata
e. Cerebellum
f. Cerebrum
g. Thalamus
h. Hypothalamus
e. Cerebellum
The prosencephalon is the…
a. Forebrain
b. Midbrain
c. Hindbrain
a. Forebrain
The neural tube develops from…
a. Endoderm
b. Mesoderm
c. Ectoderm
c. Ectoderm
Which of the following relays sensory information to thalamus and other portions of the brain stem; and has autonomic centers for regulation of visceral functions (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive)?
a. Diencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Pons
d. Medulla Oblongata
e. Cerebellum
f. Cerebrum
g. Thalamus
h. Hypothalamus
d. Medulla Oblongata
Which of the following relays sensory information to thalamus and other portions of the brain stem; and has autonomic centers for regulation of visceral functions (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive)?
a. Diencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Pons
d. Medulla Oblongata
e. Cerebellum
f. Cerebrum
g. Thalamus
h. Hypothalamus
d. Medulla Oblongata
Three weeks from conception:
a. Neural groove forms
b. Neural folds form
c. Neural folds fuse to form neural tube (neurulation)
d. the brain consists of a single flat sheet of ectoderm - the neural plate
d. the brain consists of a single flat sheet of ectoderm - the neural plate
The meninges are:
a. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled caverns and canals inside brain
b. specialized tissue in ventricles that secretes CSF
c. Three membranes
that surround the brain
d. attached to the brain stem
c. Three membranes
that surround the
brain
All mammalian brains have which four components in common?
- Cerebrum
- Diecephalon
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
Arrange the following events in order:
a. Neural fold forms
b. Neural groove forms
c. Neural folds fuse to form neural tube (neurulation)
d. the brain consists of a single flat sheet of ectoderm - the neural plate
d. the brain consists of a single flat sheet of ectoderm - the neural plate
b. Neural groove forms
a. Neural folds form
c. Neural folds fuse to form neural tube (neurulation)
The telencephalic vesicles, diencephalon and optic vesicles differentiate from:
a. Forebrain
b. Midbrain
c. Hindbrain
a. Forebrain
Optic nerves form from:
a. Optic cups
b. Optic stalks
c. The diencephalon
d. The telencephalic vesicles
e. The retinas
b. Optic stalks
Complete the following:
The two cerebral hemispheres - develop in 4 ways:
1. Grow _______ to overlie _________
2. Olfactory bulbs and other structures related to sense of smell sprout from ________ _______
3. Cells of ________ walls divide and form various structures
4. White matter systems develop carrying ____ to and from neurons of ________
- Grow posteriorly to overlie diencephalon
- Olfactory bulbs and other structures related to sense of smell sprout from ventral
surface - Cells of telencephalon walls divide and form various structures
- White matter systems develop carrying axons to and from neurons of diencephalon (to allow communication between the telencephalon and diencephalon)
What are the white matter structures that differentiate from the telencephalon and diencephalon?
Corpus callosum
Cortical white matter
Internal capsule
Which of the following is true regarding the superior colliculus?
a. It is contained in the tegmentum
b. It has direct input from eye - controls reflex eye movements
c. It is a relay station for auditory information
d. It forms from the rhombencephalon
b. It has direct input from eye - controls reflex eye movements (TRUE)
Corrections: The SC
a. It is contained in the TECTUM
c. The SC does eyes; it is the INFERIOR COLLICULUS that relays auditory information
d. It forms from the MESENCEPHALON (midbrain)
Which two structures does the metencephalon form?
a. medulla oblongata and cerebellum
b. medulla oblongata and the 4th ventricle
c. pons and 4th ventricle
d. pons and cerebellum
Anterior portion of hindbrain (METENCEPHALON) forms PONS and CEREBELLUM
Medulla oblongata and the 4th ventricle are formed by the Posterior portion of hindbrain (MYELENCEPHALON)
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the retinas?
a. They form from optic cups
b. They form from mesencephalon
c. They form from optic vesicles
d. They form from prosencephalon
e. They are part of the CNS developmentally
b. They form from mesencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres lie above and on either side of the __________.
diencephalon
What the grey matter structures which differentiate from the telencephalon and diencephalon?
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal telencephalon
Cortical white matter are tracts which communicate:
a. Within hemispheres
b. Between hemispheres
c. With the spinal cord (projection tracts)
a. Within hemispheres
Which of the following form from the prosencephalon? (Select all that apply)
a. Basal ganglia
b. Thalamus
c. Tegmentum
d. Fourth ventricle
e. Cerebral aqueduct
f. Third ventricle
a. Basal ganglia
b. Thalamus
f. Third ventricle
The tectum, tegmentum and cerebral aqueduct all derive from:
a. prosencephalon
b. mesencephalon
c. rhombencephalon
b. mesencephalon (the midbrain)
List the major structural features of the CNS of all mammals (from rostral to caudal).
Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, spinal cord
The tegmentum contains which of the following (select all that apply):
a. superior colliculus
b. substantia nigra
c. red nucleus
d. inferior colliculus
b. substantia nigra
c. red nucleus
These are both motor centres
a and d are in the Tectum
Which of the following are projection tracts (leave the cortex)?
a. Corpus callosum
b. Cortical white matter
c. Internal capsule
c. Internal capsule
