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NERU332 - Neuroanatomy > Week 1: Neuroscience, Past, Present and Future > Flashcards

Week 1: Neuroscience, Past, Present and Future Flashcards

1
Q

List the levels of analysis

used in modern neuroscience research.

A 
– Molecular neuroscience
– Cellular neuroscience
– Systems neuroscience
– Behavioural neuroscience
– Cognitive neuroscience
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2
Q

Define the moral obligations of neuroscientists in considering the use of animals in their research.

A

• Ensure that experiments are worthwhile and well planned.
• Eliminate or minimize pain and distress to the animal.
• All possible alternatives must be considered first.
Three Rs: Replacement, Reduction and Refinement

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3
Q

List the methods used in modern imaging techniques to visualize the nervous system.

A
  • Computed tomography (CT)
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Functional nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
  • Diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (DTI)
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4
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

Study of the nervous system

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5
Q

What evidence is there that our prehistoric ancestors knew that the brain was vital to life? (5000 - 3000 BCE)

A

Skulls with trauma.

Skulls with trepanation (show signs of healing).

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6
Q

What did Aristotle think the brain did?

A

Aristotle
brain a radiator for
cooling blood (Heart centre of intellect)

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7
Q

Galen named which three parts of the brain?

a. Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Ventricles
b. Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brainstem
c. Diecephalon, Mesencephalon, Meninges
d. Ventricles, Meninges, Pons

A

a. Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Ventricles

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8
Q

What did Hippocrates think the brain did?

A

Hippocrates

Brain: involved in sensation; seat of intelligence

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9
Q

Sulci are ______ and gyri are ________?

a. grooves, bumps
b. bumps, grooves

A

a. grooves, bumps

Sulci are grooves and gyri are bumps

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10
Q

Which of the following were understood by the end of the 18th century (select all that apply):
a. Injury to the brain could disrupt sensation, movement, thought, and
be fatal
b. dorsal and
ventral roots carry information in
opposite directions
c. The brain had identifiable parts that probably performed different
functions
d. The brain operates like a machine and follows the laws of nature
e. The cerebellum is the origin of the motor
fibers
f. The brain communicates with the body via nerves
g. The cerebrum is the destination of
sensory fibers

A

a. Injury to the brain could disrupt sensation, movement, thought, and
be fatal
c. The brain had identifiable parts that probably performed different
functions
d. The brain operates like a machine and follows the laws of nature
f. The brain communicates with the body via nerves

The rest were learned in the 19th century

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11
Q

What is CT?

A 
Computed tomography (CT) 
X-ray beams used to generate data for a digitally reconstructed image
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12
Q

Who is considered the “father of anatomy”?

a. Hippocrates
b. Galen
c. Andreas Versalius
d. Rene Descartes

A

c. Andreas Versalius

“father of anatomy”

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13
Q

What is MRI?

A

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). H+ of H2O molecules aligned by magnet, then released. Different tissues have different H+ densities, therefore signals can be mapped by computer to create imagery.

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14
Q

What is DTI?

A

diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (DTI)
Enables visualisation of large bundles of axons
– Compares the position of hydrogen atoms in water molecules at discrete time intervals
– Measures the diffusion of water molecules
– Water diffuses more readily along axon membrane than across them

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15
Q

Which of the following are true of SPECT and PET? Select all that apply.

a. They are mapping with radioactive tracers
b. They measure regional cerebral blood flow
c. SPECT images are time consuming and expensive
d. PET images are inferior to CT and MRI in anatomical resolution
e. SPECT images have a low resolution
f. The anatomical resolution of SPECT images is superior to that of PET

A

a. They are mapping with radioactive tracers
b. They measure regional cerebral blood flow
d. PET images are inferior to CT and MRI in anatomical resolution
e. SPECT images have a low resolution

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Positron emission tomography (PET)

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16
Q

Marie-Jean Pierre concluded that the entire brain was used for all sensory, even ignoring his own evidence. Why?

A

Because he didn’t want to agree with Franz Joseph Gall (the inventor of phrenology) in any way so rejected localisation of function.

17
Q

What does a T1-weighted MRIs show?

a. Emphasizes the CSF (bright) with crisp anatomical resolution, but has less contrast between grey and white matter.
b. Shows the difference between grey (less bright) and white (brighter) matter, and emphasizes the difference between CNS tissue (bright) and other fluids and tissues (dark).
c. Emphasizes the difference between grey matter (bright) and white matter (darker)

A

b.
T1-weighted shows the difference between grey (less bright) and white (brighter) matter, and emphasizes the difference between CNS tissue (bright) and other fluids and tissues (dark).

18
Q

Which of the following is CT good for?

a. Identifying metabolically active regions
b. Identifying leisons and odemia
c. Differentiating between white and grey matter
d. Identifying neural pathways

A

b. Identifying leisons and odemia

19
Q

Which neuroanatomical method describes staining fibers undergoing Wallerian degeneration after a lesion at a selected CNS site?

a. Neuroanatomical method based on neurodegeneration
b. Neuroanatomical methods based on axoplasmic transport
c. Membrane probes
d. Transsynaptic tracing pathway

A

a. neuroanatomical method based on neurodegeneration

20
Q

Which of the following is not a neuroanatomical research method?

a. Imaging
b. Catabolic
c. Functional neuronal pathways
d. Metabolic
e. Physiology and pharmacology

A

b. Catabolic

21
Q

Which of the following neuroanatomical methods can be applied to dead tissue (although it has not yet yielded any new knowledge)?

a. Neuroanatomical method based on neurodegeneration
b. Neuroanatomical methods based on axoplasmic transport
c. Membrane probes
d. Transsynaptic tracing pathway

A

c. Membrane probes

22
Q

What is the rationale for animal models?

A 
Darwin: evolution of the nervous
system
• Natural selection
• Nervous systems of different
species may share common
mechanisms.
23
Q

Which of the following is not an advantage of MRI over CT?

a. Cost
b. Detail
c. Does not require X-irradiation
d. Brain slice image in any angle

A

a. Cost

24
Q

Which of the following involves a tracer substance being injected into grey matter, so that it is taken up by the cell and transported through the cytoplasm?

a. Neuroanatomical method based on neurodegeneration
b. Neuroanatomical methods based on axoplasmic transport
c. Membrane probes
d. Transsynaptic tracing pathway

A

b. Neuroanatomical methods based on axoplasmic transport

25
Q

What is an fMRI?

A 
Functional nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Detect changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within the brain.
Poor resolution (get spots on a screen)
26
Q

List the methods for investigating neural pathways and functions

A
  • Neuroanatomical methods based on neurodegeneration
  • Neuroanatomical methods based on axoplasmic transport
  • Membrane probes
  • Transsynaptic tracing pathways
27
Q

Which of the following involves viruses which replicate within neurons, are transported within the axon, and passed from one neuron to the next via its synapse?

a. Neuroanatomical method based on neurodegeneration
b. Neuroanatomical methods based on axoplasmic transport
c. Membrane probes
d. Transsynaptic tracing pathway

A

d. Transsynaptic tracing pathway

28
Q

What does a T2-weighted MRIs show?

a. Emphasizes the CSF (bright) with crisp anatomical resolution, but has less contrast between grey and white matter.
b. Shows the difference between grey (less bright) and white (brighter) matter, and emphasizes the difference between CNS tissue (bright) and other fluids and tissues (dark).
c. Emphasizes the difference between grey matter (bright) and white matter (darker)

A

a.
T2-weighted emphasizes the CSF (bright) with crisp anatomical resolution, but has less contrast between grey and white matter.

NERU332 - Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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