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BDS3 Anatomy > Week 4: Brain & Spinal Cord, Blood supply/venous drainage, cranial nerves > Flashcards

Week 4: Brain & Spinal Cord, Blood supply/venous drainage, cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

features of the cerebrum

A

separated intocerebral hemispheres R and L - this is marked by thelongitudinal cerebral fissure

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2
Q

Superficial surface of the brain, which constitutes the cerebral cortex, is characterised by

A

sulci (grooves)
glyri (ridges)

these increase SA

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3
Q

features of the cerebellum

A

consist of two lateral hemispheres that are united the vermis

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4
Q

what are the ridges of the cerebellum called

A

folia

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5
Q

what are the parts of the brainstem

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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6
Q

what forms the central core of the brain.

A

thediencephalon - composed of the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus,

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7
Q

features of the frontal lobe

A

It’s divided from the parietal lobe by thecentral sulcus

areas include the prefrontal cortex, the motor cortex – which is the area corresponding to the precentral gyrus -, and Broca’s area.

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8
Q

features of the parietal lobe

A

processes sensory information
he primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus

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9
Q

features of the occipital lobe

A

it is posterior the parieto-occipital sulcus.

It is the visual processing centre of the brain and the location of the visual cortex

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10
Q

features of the temporal lobe

A

processes sensory information (hearing, smell, visual memories)

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11
Q

what and where is the Wernicke’s area

A

it is responsible for language comprehension and it is located in the temporal lobe

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12
Q

what is the role of the insula

A

The anterior insula, thought to be involved in language

The posterior insula is thought to be involved in integrating information relating to touch, vision and hearing

It also has connections with olfactory cortex

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13
Q

where is the insula

A

deep to the lateral sulcus

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14
Q

what is the importance of corpus callosum

A

provides a horizontal pathway for myelinated axons

it connects the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain.

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15
Q

what important feature can be seen on a transverse section through the brain

A

the internal capsule

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16
Q

where is thebasal nuclei/ basal ganglia, are located

A

deep between the corona radiata and brainst

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17
Q

what are the 5 basal nuclei

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra.

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18
Q

what basal ganglia form the Corpus Striatum

A

caudate nucleus and putamen.

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19
Q

what basal ganglia form the Lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus and the putamen

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20
Q

where do the basal ganglia project to to rely information to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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21
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus

A

maintaining homeostasis
by monitoring internal environment (eg blood glucose and body temperature) and controlling autonomic systems

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22
Q

how is the hypothalamus control release of hormones from the pituitary gland

A

via the pituitary stalk/ infundibulum

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23
Q

what is the importance of the pituitary gland

A

regulate hormone release through releasing or inhibiting hormones

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24
Q

what is acromegaly

A

over production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

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25
Q

what does the ventricular system of the brain consists of

A

two lateral ventricles and

the midline 3rd and 4th ventricles (connected by the cerebral aqueduct)

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26
Q

where are the lateral ventricles located

A

sit in the hemispheres, one in each, and are separated by the thin septum pellucidum

connected via interventricular foramen

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27
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located

A

between the brainstem and the cerebellum

28
Q

where is the CSF secreted

A

by the choroid plexuses of the ventricles

29
Q

role of the CSF

A

protects the brain by providing a cushion against blows to the head

30
Q

what connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle in midline

A

Interventricular foramen (foramen of Munro)

31
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end

A

Begins at foramen magnum of skull as continuation of medulla

Ends at L1/L2 vertebrae in adults

32
Q

what makes spinal nerves

A

Ventral (motor, efferent) & dorsal (sensory, afferent) roots converge to become a spinal nerve (mixed, motor & sensory)

33
Q

where do all spinal nerves emerge from (which is the exception)

A

All spinal nerves emerge between adjacent vertebrae

except C1 which emerges between the occipital bone of the skull & C1 (atlas)

34
Q

The unilateral area of skin supplied by a single (right or left member of a pair of) spinal nerves is called

A

dermatome

35
Q

define myotome

A

The unilateral mass of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve

36
Q

which pinal nerve does not have a dermatome

A

spinal nerve C1

37
Q

what are the structural features of spinal nerves

A

ventral root - is the efferent motor root and carries motor information from the brain.

dorsal root - afferent sensory root and carries sensory information to the brain

38
Q

what are the 5 cerebral lobes

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
insula
temporal

39
Q

what is the blood supply to the brain

A

the internal carotid arteries
the vertebral arteries

40
Q

arteries which comprise the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis)

A

basilar
posterior communicating
middle cerebral
internal carotid
anterior communicating
anterior cerebral
posterior cerebral
vertebral

41
Q

the impact of an ANTERIOR cerebral artery occlusion (stroke) on thebrain

A

= Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss involving mainly the leg and foot

= Inability to identify objects correctly, apathy, and personality changes (frontal and parietal lobes)

42
Q

the impact of a MIDDLE cerebral artery occlusion (stroke) on thebrain

A

=Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss involving mainly the face and arm (precentral and postcentral gyri)

= Aphasia if the left hemisphere is affected (rarely if the right hemisphere is affected)

=Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (damage to the optic radiation)

=Anosognosia if the right hemisphere is affected (rarely if the left hemisphere is affected)

43
Q

the impact of a POSTERIOR cerebral artery occlusion (stroke) on thebrain

A

= Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with some degree of macular sparing (damage to the calcarine cortex, macular sparing due to the occipital pole receiving collateral blood supply from the middle cerebral artery)

=Visual agnosia (ischemia of the left occipital lobe)

=Impairment of memory (possible damage to the medial aspect of the temporal lobe)

44
Q

venous drainage of the brain

A

dura venous sinuses
then into the IJV

45
Q

functions of the dura venous sinuses

A

They receive blood from the cerebral veins
receive CSF from the subarachnoid space via arachnoid granulations, and mainly empty into the internal jugular vein.

46
Q

what are the dural septa

A

dural folds to limit the rotational displacement of the brain

tentorium cerebellli
falx cerebri
falx cerebelli

47
Q

What are the major dural venous sinuses

A

the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
the straight sinus
the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
the occipital sinus
the transverse sinus
the sigmoid sinuses

48
Q

what are the cavernous sinuses

A

hollow spaces located under the brain, behind each eye socket.

danger triangle drain in
sits next to sella turcica

49
Q

function of the cavernous sinuses

A

drain the blood from the orbits through the ophthalmic veins and from the anterior part of the base of the brain by the sphenoparietal sinus and the middle cerebral veins.

50
Q

what are the 4 types of intracranial haemorrhage

A

epidural hemorrhage
subdural hemorrhage
subarachnoid hemorrhage
intraparenchymal hemorrhage

51
Q

what are the major foramina of the craniofacial skeleton.

A

cribiform foramina
optic canal
superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
internal acoustic meatus
jugular foramen
hypoglossall canal

52
Q

what passes through the cribriform foramina

A

CN 1 olfactory

53
Q

what passes through the optic canal

A

CN II optic
opthalamic artery

54
Q

what passes through the foramen rotundum

A

CN V2 trigeminal maxillary division

55
Q

what passes through the internal acoustic meatus

A

CN VII, VIII ( facial, vestibulatrochlear)

56
Q

what passes through the jugular foramen

A

CN IX, X, XI (glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory)

IJV

57
Q

what passes through the hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII hypoglossal

58
Q

what passes through the superior orbital fissure

A

CN III, IV, V(1,2), VI (opthalamic, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens)

59
Q

what passes through the foramen ovale

A

CN V3 trigeminal mandibular division

60
Q

origin of cranial nerves

A

cerebrum - CNI, II
midbrain-pontine junction - CN III
midbrain - CN IV
Pons - CN V
pons-medulla junction - CNVI, VII, VIII
medulla oblongata - IX, X, XI, XII

61
Q

what are the 7 paired dural venous sinuses

A

transverse
cavernous
greater & lesser petrosal
sphenoparietal
sigmoid
basilar

62
Q

what are the 5 unpaired dural venous sinuses

A

superior & inferior sagittal
straight
occipital
intercavernous

63
Q

what artery supplies the motor cortex of the head and neck

A

middle meningeal artery

64
Q

what/where is the Tentorium Cerebelli

A

horizontal projection of the meningeal dura mater. extends over the posterior cranial fossa.

It separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum and brainstem

divides the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial spaces

65
Q

what/where is the falx cerebri

A

fold of dura mater that descends vertically into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

what/where is the falx cerebelli

A

small midline fold of dura mater
begins anteriorly at the crista galli and winds around the corpus callosum

Located below the tentorium cerebelli on the middle of the occipital bone

67
Q

what connects the lateral and 3rd ventricle

A

interventricular foramina

BDS3 Anatomy (12 decks)

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