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BDS3 Anatomy > Week 4: Brain & Spinal Cord, Blood supply/venous drainage, cranial nerves > Flashcards

Week 4: Brain & Spinal Cord, Blood supply/venous drainage, cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

features of the cerebrum

A

separated intocerebral hemispheres R and L - this is marked by thelongitudinal cerebral fissure

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2
Q

Superficial surface of the brain, which constitutes the cerebral cortex, is characterised by

A

sulci (grooves)
glyri (ridges)

these increase SA

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3
Q

features of the cerebellum

A

consist of two lateral hemispheres that are united the vermis

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4
Q

what are the ridges of the cerebellum called

A

folia

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5
Q

what are the parts of the brainstem

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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6
Q

what forms the central core of the brain.

A

thediencephalon - composed of the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus,

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7
Q

features of the frontal lobe

A

It’s divided from the parietal lobe by thecentral sulcus

areas include the prefrontal cortex, the motor cortex – which is the area corresponding to the precentral gyrus -, and Broca’s area.

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8
Q

features of the parietal lobe

A

processes sensory information
he primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus

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9
Q

features of the occipital lobe

A

it is posterior the parieto-occipital sulcus.

It is the visual processing centre of the brain and the location of the visual cortex

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10
Q

features of the temporal lobe

A

processes sensory information (hearing, smell, visual memories)

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11
Q

what and where is the Wernicke’s area

A

it is responsible for language comprehension and it is located in the temporal lobe

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12
Q

what is the role of the insula

A

The anterior insula, thought to be involved in language

The posterior insula is thought to be involved in integrating information relating to touch, vision and hearing

It also has connections with olfactory cortex

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13
Q

where is the insula

A

deep to the lateral sulcus

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14
Q

what is the importance of corpus callosum

A

provides a horizontal pathway for myelinated axons

it connects the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain.

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15
Q

what important feature can be seen on a transverse section through the brain

A

the internal capsule

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16
Q

where is thebasal nuclei/ basal ganglia, are located

A

deep between the corona radiata and brainst

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17
Q

what are the 5 basal nuclei

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra.

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18
Q

what basal ganglia form the Corpus Striatum

A

caudate nucleus and putamen.

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19
Q

what basal ganglia form the Lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus and the putamen

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20
Q

where do the basal ganglia project to to rely information to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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21
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus

A

maintaining homeostasis
by monitoring internal environment (eg blood glucose and body temperature) and controlling autonomic systems

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22
Q

how is the hypothalamus control release of hormones from the pituitary gland

A

via the pituitary stalk/ infundibulum

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23
Q

what is the importance of the pituitary gland

A

regulate hormone release through releasing or inhibiting hormones

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24
Q

what is acromegaly

A

over production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

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25
what does the ventricular system of the brain consists of
two lateral ventricles and the midline 3rd and 4th ventricles (connected by the cerebral aqueduct)
26
where are the lateral ventricles located
sit in the hemispheres, one in each, and are separated by the thin septum pellucidum connected via interventricular foramen
27
where is the 4th ventricle located
between the brainstem and the cerebellum
28
where is the CSF secreted
by the choroid plexuses of the ventricles
29
role of the CSF
protects the brain by providing a cushion against blows to the head
30
what connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle in midline
Interventricular foramen (foramen of Munro)
31
where does the spinal cord begin and end
Begins at foramen magnum of skull as continuation of medulla Ends at L1/L2 vertebrae in adults
32
what makes spinal nerves
Ventral (motor, efferent) & dorsal (sensory, afferent) roots converge to become a spinal nerve (mixed, motor & sensory)
33
where do all spinal nerves emerge from (which is the exception)
All spinal nerves emerge between adjacent vertebrae except C1 which emerges between the occipital bone of the skull & C1 (atlas)
34
The unilateral area of skin supplied by a single (right or left member of a pair of) spinal nerves is called
dermatome
35
define myotome
The unilateral mass of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve
36
which pinal nerve does not have a dermatome
spinal nerve C1
37
what are the structural features of spinal nerves
ventral root - is the efferent motor root and carries motor information from the brain. dorsal root - afferent sensory root and carries sensory information to the brain
38
what are the 5 cerebral lobes
frontal parietal occipital insula temporal
39
what is the blood supply to the brain
the internal carotid arteries the vertebral arteries
40
arteries which comprise the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis)
basilar posterior communicating middle cerebral internal carotid anterior communicating anterior cerebral posterior cerebral vertebral
41
the impact of an ANTERIOR cerebral artery occlusion (stroke) on the brain
= Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss involving mainly the leg and foot = Inability to identify objects correctly, apathy, and personality changes (frontal and parietal lobes)
42
the impact of a MIDDLE cerebral artery occlusion (stroke) on the brain
=Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss involving mainly the face and arm (precentral and postcentral gyri) = Aphasia if the left hemisphere is affected (rarely if the right hemisphere is affected) =Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (damage to the optic radiation) =Anosognosia if the right hemisphere is affected (rarely if the left hemisphere is affected)
43
the impact of a POSTERIOR cerebral artery occlusion (stroke) on the brain
= Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with some degree of macular sparing (damage to the calcarine cortex, macular sparing due to the occipital pole receiving collateral blood supply from the middle cerebral artery) =Visual agnosia (ischemia of the left occipital lobe) =Impairment of memory (possible damage to the medial aspect of the temporal lobe)
44
venous drainage of the brain
dura venous sinuses then into the IJV
45
functions of the dura venous sinuses
They receive blood from the cerebral veins receive CSF from the subarachnoid space via arachnoid granulations, and mainly empty into the internal jugular vein.
46
what are the dural septa
dural folds to limit the rotational displacement of the brain tentorium cerebellli falx cerebri falx cerebelli
47
What are the major dural venous sinuses
the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses the straight sinus the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses the occipital sinus the transverse sinus the sigmoid sinuses
48
what are the cavernous sinuses
hollow spaces located under the brain, behind each eye socket. danger triangle drain in sits next to sella turcica
49
function of the cavernous sinuses
drain the blood from the orbits through the ophthalmic veins and from the anterior part of the base of the brain by the sphenoparietal sinus and the middle cerebral veins.
50
 what are the 4 types of intracranial haemorrhage
epidural hemorrhage subdural hemorrhage subarachnoid hemorrhage intraparenchymal hemorrhage
51
what are the major foramina of the craniofacial skeleton. 
cribiform foramina optic canal superior orbital fissure foramen rotundum foramen ovale internal acoustic meatus jugular foramen hypoglossall canal
52
what passes through the cribriform foramina
CN 1 olfactory
53
what passes through the optic canal
CN II optic opthalamic artery
54
what passes through the foramen rotundum
CN V2 trigeminal maxillary division
55
what passes through the internal acoustic meatus
CN VII, VIII ( facial, vestibulatrochlear)
56
what passes through the jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI (glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory) IJV
57
what passes through the hypoglossal canal
CN XII hypoglossal
58
what passes through the superior orbital fissure
CN III, IV, V(1,2), VI (opthalamic, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens)
59
what passes through the foramen ovale
CN V3 trigeminal mandibular division
60
origin of cranial nerves
cerebrum - CNI, II midbrain-pontine junction - CN III midbrain - CN IV Pons - CN V pons-medulla junction - CNVI, VII, VIII medulla oblongata - IX, X, XI, XII
61
what are the 7 paired dural venous sinuses
transverse cavernous greater & lesser petrosal sphenoparietal sigmoid basilar
62
what are the 5 unpaired dural venous sinuses
superior & inferior sagittal straight occipital intercavernous
63
what artery supplies the motor cortex of the head and neck
middle meningeal artery
64
what/where is the Tentorium Cerebelli
horizontal projection of the meningeal dura mater. extends over the posterior cranial fossa. It separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum and brainstem divides the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial spaces
65
what/where is the falx cerebri
fold of dura mater that descends vertically into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres
66
what/where is the falx cerebelli
small midline fold of dura mater begins anteriorly at the crista galli and winds around the corpus callosum Located below the tentorium cerebelli on the middle of the occipital bone
67
what connects the lateral and 3rd ventricle
interventricular foramina

BDS3 Anatomy (12 decks)

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