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BDS3 Anatomy > Week 10: Larynx, Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses > Flashcards

Week 10: Larynx, Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

function of the larynx

A

Allows air passage in & out of the trachea
Protective sphincter preventing foreign bodies from entering the airway
Organ of phonation (speech production)

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2
Q

what does the laryngeal skeleton consist of

A

9 cartilages (all hyaline cartilage except epiglottis)
3 unpaired, 3 paired

thyroid - largest
cricoid - forms complete ring
epiglottis - Elastic
arytenoid
cuneiform
corniculate

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3
Q

what is the superior thyroid notch.

A

formed by the fusion of the anterior borders of the 2 laminae

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4
Q

How do the superior border and superior horns of the thyroid cartilage attach to the hyoid

A

by the thyrohyoid membrane

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5
Q

how is the cricoid cartilage attached to the first tracheal ring

A

inferiorly - by the cricotracheal ligament
superiorly - to the thyroid cartilage by the cricothyroid ligament

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6
Q

how is the epiglottis connected to the thyroid cartilage

A

thyro-epiglottic ligament

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7
Q

how is the epiglottis connected to the hyoid

A

hyoepiglotticligament

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8
Q

how is the arytenoid cartilage connected to the corniculate cartilage

A

the apex of the arytenoid cartilage articulates with the corniculate cartilage, and this also attaches to the aryepiglottic fold

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9
Q

what are the crico-arytenoid joints

A

a joint connecting the cricoid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilage.

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10
Q

what connects the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone

A

the thyrohyoid membrane

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11
Q

what are the features of the thyrohyoid membrane

A

thicker both anteriorly and posteriorly
- Posteriorly, it forms the lateral ligament - where the triticeal cartilage is embedded
- Anteriorly, the thickening of the membrane is called the median thyrohyoid ligament

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12
Q

what are the extrinsic ligaments and membrane of the larynx.

A

thyrohyoid, hyoepiglottic and cricotracheal ligaments
thyrohyoid membrane

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13
Q

what are the intrinsic ligaments and membrane of the larynx

A

quadrangular membrane
Cricothyroid ligament
Vocal ligament
aryepiglottic ligament
vestibular ligament

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14
Q

where is Quadrangular membranefound

A

extends between the lateral aspects of the arytenoid and epiglottic cartilages

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15
Q

what forms the form thevestibular fold

A

vestibular ligament covered loosely by mucosa

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16
Q

what forms thearyepiglottic fold and what features are associated with it

A

aryepiglottic ligament covered by mucosa.
it forms the laryngeal inlet which is the protective sphincter of the larynx

thecorniculateandcuneiform cartilages, as small nodules found posterior to the fold

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17
Q

what forms the the conus elasticus

A

the lateral portion of the cricothyroid ligament - which is thinner

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18
Q

what is the the median cricothyroid ligament

A

Thickened anteriorly part of the Cricothyroid ligament

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19
Q

where is the Cricothyroid ligament found

A

From cricoid to arytenoid to thyroid cartilage

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20
Q

where are the vocal folds formed

A

formed over the superior free edge of the cricothyroid ligament

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21
Q

what are the vocal folds

A

the folds of mucous membrane overlying and incorporating the vocal ligaments and the vocalis part of the thyro-arytenoid muscles

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22
Q

The aperture between the vocal folds is called

A

rima glottidis/glottis

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23
Q

The overall vocal apparatus of the larynx (vocal folds and processes together with the rima glottidis) is called

A

Glottis

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24
Q

what are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

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25
Q

what is the function if the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

they move thelaryngeal components
altering the length and tension of the vocal folds and the size and shape of the rima glottidis

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26
Q

what are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

The suprahyoid muscles:
digastric
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
mylohyoid

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27
Q

what intrinsic laryngeal muscles OPEN the rima glottis

A

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

28
Q

what intrinsic laryngeal muscles CLOSE the rima glottis

A

Transverse arytenoid muscle
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

29
Q

what muscles LENGTHEN the vocal folds (tensors)

A

Cricothyroid muscle

30
Q

what muscles SHORTEN the vocal folds (relaxers)

A

Thyroarytenoid muscle (vocalis is its upper part)

31
Q

what muscles are responsible for closure of the laryngeal inlet

A

oblique arytenoid muscle

32
Q

what is the motor nerve supply to the larynx

A

All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

EXCEPT Cricothyroid is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

branches of CNX

33
Q

what is the sensory nerve supply to the larynx

A

ABOVE the vocal folds - internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
BELOW the vocal folds - recurrent laryngeal nerve

branches of CN X

34
Q

functional role of the larynx in swallowing

A

the epiglottis is involved and swings down to the arytenoids as the laryngeal inlet is narrowed and the larynx is elevated

35
Q

functional role of the larynx in effort closure

A

Vocal & vestibular folds are adducted
Rima glottidis is closed
Vestibule is also closed

36
Q

role of larynx in breathing

A

Forced inspiration
- vocal ligaments are abducted by contraction of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles, and this forcefully opens the rima glottidis more widely into what is more like an inverted kite shape.

Quiet respiration
- Vocal & vestibular folds are abducted
- A triangular “open” rima glottidis
- laryngeal muscles are relaxed

37
Q

Larynx - role in speech production

A

vocal folds are adducted, and the rima glottidis is closed
air is forced through causing vibration this produces tone

The tensor and relaxer muscles (cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid, vocalis muscle) within the vocal folds, interact to modify length and tension of the vocal folds, which changes the tone and pitch of voice.

38
Q

what are the anterior and posterior apertures of the nasal cavity

A

ANT - nares
POST - choanae

39
Q

bones of the external nose

A

Nasal bones
Frontal processes of maxillae

40
Q

cartilage of the external nose

A

Septal cartilage
Major & minor alar cartilages

41
Q

what muscles overly the bones and cartilage of the nose

A

Nasalis
Depressor septi nasi
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

42
Q

what forms the floor of the nasal cavity

A

hard palate
- Palatine process of maxillae (anterior)
- Horizontal plate of the palatine bones (posterior)

43
Q

Features of the floor of the nasal cavities include

A

nares
incisive canals/nasopalatine canals
nasal crest

44
Q

what are the incisive canals/nasopalatine canals

A

Connection between the nasal and oral cavities
Contains the nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery

45
Q

what is the nasal crest

A

Ridge formed at the connection of paired maxillae and palatine bones
Attachment of the vomer of the nasal septum

46
Q

what are the main components of the nasal septum

A

Septal cartilage
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Vomer

47
Q

The highest point of the cavity is formed by

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

48
Q

what passes through the cribriform plate

A

olfactory nerves

49
Q

the roof of the nasal cavity is formed by

A

ANT - Nasal bones, Nasal spine of the frontal bone
POST - Sphenoid bone

50
Q

what bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal bone
Ethmoid bone (superior & middle conchae, uncinate process)
Lacrimal bone
Maxilla
Inferior concha
Palatine bone
Sphenoid bone

51
Q

what is significant about the ethmoid bone of the nasal cavity

A

it has a R and L ethmoidal labyrinth with a single, midline perpendicular plate and cribriform plate

ethmoidal labyrinth projects 2 out of 3 conchae into the nasal cavity ( superior, middle)

52
Q

Lateral wall of the nasal cavity has three conchae

A

superior
middle
inferior

53
Q

what is the space underneath the conchae called and its significance

A

meatus
- creates various air streams, increasing SA between the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and the respired air

54
Q

innervation of nasal cavity

A

CN I
CN V1- Ant. ethmoidal
CN V2 - Ant. superior alveolar nerve (nasal branch).
Infraorbital nerve (nasal branch)
Nasopalatine nerve
Lateral nasal nerves (post. inf & post sup.)

55
Q

Autonomic innervation of nasal cavity -PARASYMPATHETIC

A

Axons from the salvatory nucleus in brainstem are carried in the greater petrosal nerve of CNVII to the pterygopalatine ganglion (in the fossa)

Post-ganglionic axons are carried within branches of the maxillary nerve

56
Q

Autonomic innervation of nasal cavity -SYMPATHETIC

A

Axons from the sympathetic trunk ascend in the internal carotid plexus and travel to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the deep petrosal nerve

Post-ganglionic axons are also carried within branches of the maxillary nerve

57
Q

arterial supply of nasal cavity

A

ECA :
- Maxillary Artery - sphenopalatine , greater palatine (from oral cavity)
- Facial Artery - Superior labial, Lateral nasal

Internal Carotid/ Ophthalmic Artery:
- Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

58
Q

venous drainage of the nasal cavity

A
  • maxillary artery –> pterygoid plexus
  • facial artery –> facial vein
  • ethmoidal arteries –> ophthalmic vein –> cavernous sinus
59
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

ethmoidal
maxillary
frontal
sphenoid

60
Q

drainage points at ethmoidal paranasal sinus

A
  • Anterior cells drain into infundibulum in middle meatus
  • Middle cells drain into middle meatus at the ethmoidal bulla
  • Posterior cells drain into superior meatus
61
Q

drainage points at maxillary paranasal sinus

A

Drains into the middle meatus at the semilunar hiatus

62
Q

drainage points at frontal paranasal sinus

A

Drains into the middle meatus at the infundibulum

63
Q

drainage points at sphenoid paranasal sinus

A

does NOT drain into lateral wall
it drains into sphenoethmoidal recess superiorly and posteriorly in the nasal cavity

64
Q

Where is the opening of the maxillary ostium in the nasal cavity

A

Semilunar Hiatus

65
Q

What epithelium lines vocal fold

A

Stratified squamous

66
Q

what are the sinuses that open into the semilunar hiatus

A

frontal
maxillary
ethmoid

BDS3 Anatomy (12 decks)

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