Week 4 Flashcards
What is a sample?
The participants we use from our population of interest
what is population of interest?
All possible members of a category that researchers may use in their sample
what is probability sampling?
When every member of the population of interest has an equal chance of taking part
What are the types of probability sampling? (2)
stratified sampling
Systematic sampling
What is stratified sampling? (2)
Sample selected so that Specified sub-groups will appear proportional to their size in their target population
Each sub-group cases are randomly selected
what is systematic sampling?
Sample selected by taking every nth case of a target population. Randomised when First nth is random
What is convenience sampling?
Selecting participants that are easily available at the time to take part
what is snowballing sample?
When participants are recruiting other participants
What are common ways of recruiting participants? (2)
- newspaper advertisement
- University departmental advertisements
What are common incentives used to recruit participants? (2)
- University course credits
- money or vouchers
What are the ethics we need to be mindful of when conducting a study?
- right to withdraw
- informed consent
- confidentiality
- debrief
- protection from harm
What’s the best way to gain informed consent?
information sheets before they take part in the study
How can we keep participants confidential? (2)
- giving them codes or synonyms
- deleting any contact with them so that they cannot be traced
What are demand characteristics?
characteristics or behaviours displayed by ppts who think they know what the researcher ‘demands’ from them
what is experimenter bias?
When experimenters have unconscious or conscious bias that may affect the ppts and/or the data produced from the study making it an unfair test if the hypothesis
What is blinding?
When the participants do not know the aim of a study
what is double blind?
when both the participants and the researchers do not know the aim of the study
What is standardisation?
Keeping certain things the same for participants
What are additional things that could be controlled to keep things standardised? (5)
- An experimenter’s behaviour
- How the experimenter is dressed
- what room it occurs in
- the wording of the instructions given
- distractions
What is an independent measures design?
Different participants in each condition
what is a repeated measures design?
using the same participants for all comditions
what is a matched’airs design?
Each condition js different participants matched on certain characteristics
What is counterbalancing?
Reverse order of conditions for participants in each group
What are pilot studies?
When the experiments are run in small group with ‘new’ participants to to find any flaws in the study before it’s conducted for real
What are common things found in pilot studies? (4)
- unclear instructions
- floor/ceiling effects
- potential for practice/fatigue effects
- potential for maturation/history effects
What are the different types of control groups?
- active
- passive
- waitlist
What is an active control group?
Participants do something that would have an effect but the researcher assume it does not
What is a passive control group?
Participants do nothing meaningful in the tasks
what is a waitlist control group?
Participants think that they are on a wait list to take part in a condition but have not done so yet
What are practice trials?
Trials done before the test/experimental trials to get ppts used to the tasks/gain confidence
