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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

three types of integumentary structures

A

Hair, Glands, Nails

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2
Q

three types of hair

A

Lanugo, Vellus and terminal

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3
Q

Lanugo hair

A
  • fetuses and newborns
  • Helps protect delicate fetal skin from amniotic fluid.
  • Thicker than vellus hair. After the hairs fall out, they are replaced by vellus hair.
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4
Q

vellus hair

A
  • Replace lanugo hairs shortly after birth.
  • Some vellus hairs are replaced by terminal hairs after puberty.
  • peach fuzz hair
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5
Q

terminal hairs

A
  • thick, pigmented hairs.

Includes head hair and eyebrow hairs.

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6
Q

three layers of terminal hairs

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle

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7
Q

medulla

A

the central core of terminal hair, has air spaces and soft keratin

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8
Q

Cortex

A

has long thin strands of hard keratin. Where the pigmentation is.

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9
Q

cuticle

A

outermost layer of thin, flat cells that resemble shingles, mostly hard keratin.

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10
Q

the hair follicle contains

A

hair bulb, follicle receptor, papilla, arrector pili, sebaceous gland, hair root, hair shaft

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11
Q

hair bulb

A

deep end of follicle

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12
Q

Hair follicle receptor

A

(allows hairs to act as touch receptiors)

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13
Q

papilla

A

a bit of dermal tissue that supplied the growing hair with nutrients from capillaries

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14
Q

what is hair wrapped in

A

CT

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15
Q

Arrector pili

A

smooth muscle that causes hair to stand up, creating goose bumps)

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16
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

lubricates hair, controls bacterial growth)

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17
Q

Hair root

A

lower part of hair that is attached to skin)

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18
Q

Hair shaft

A

upper part of hair in follicle that is not attached to skin)

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19
Q

what is hair color produced by

A

melanocytes at the hair papilla, and determined by genes.

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20
Q

what causes hair shape?

A

is due to the shape of the hair shaft.

Round hairs have straight texture

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21
Q

round hair

A

hairs have straight texture

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22
Q

Oval hair

A

hairs are wavy to curly textured

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23
Q

Flat hair

A

ribbon like hairs have a kinky texture

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24
Q

Nail matrix

A

is responsible for nail growth; the rest of the nail is dead

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25
Q

lunula

A

The lunula is white crescent shaped discoloration at the base of the nail, because it is overlying the nail matrix, which is thick and blocks the pink color of the dermis from showing through.

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26
Q

Leukonychia

A

are small areas of white discoloration. Usually due to a minor injury of the nail bed

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27
Q

mee’s lines

A

lines that extend the whole width of the nail can appear after episodes of poisoning, and can indicate renal failure.

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28
Q

Clubbing

A

is an indicator of heart and lung disease (caused by low oxygen).
- swelling of just the distal section of the fingers

29
Q

Yellow nails syndrome

A

thickened, slow growth of nails.

This can be an indicator of respiratory diseases.

30
Q

what are the two parts of the skeleton

A

axial and appendicular

31
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms the longitudinal axis of the body, includes spine, ribs, head

32
Q

appedicular

A

includes limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles.

33
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton

A

supports, stores, hematopoiesis, leverage

34
Q

what do the bones store?

A

reservoir of chemicals

stores fat in the yellow marrow

35
Q

Hematopiesis

A

red blood cell prodution

36
Q

leverage

A

Works with muscles to move body and/or body parts

37
Q

long bones

A

most of the bones in the appendicular skeleton

38
Q

Flat bones

A

many bones in skull

sagitital bones frontal bone

39
Q

Irregular bone

A

vertebra, lower skull bones, sacrum

40
Q

Short bone

A

carpal and tarsal bones) roughly cube-shaped

41
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

bones are embedded in a tendon or muscle, and form in response to strain. They act like pulleys and provide a surface for tendons to slide over.

42
Q

structure of long bone

A
  • diaphysis, shaft of bone made of compact bone.
  • epiphysis, is the wide part at both ends of the bone, mostly spongy bone
  • metaphysis, where the other two parts meets
43
Q

where is red and yellow marrow found?

A

red axial, yellow appendicualar

44
Q

osteon

A

the structural and functional unit of compact bone.

  • thousands of osteons making up the compact parts of bones.
  • act like weight bearing pilars
45
Q

lamellae

A

are different layers of the osteon/ bones

46
Q

central canal

A

contains nerves and blood vessels.

47
Q

lacunae

A

, or holes in the bone that osteocytes live in.

48
Q

Canaliculi

A

are passages in the bone that filapodia of the osteocytes pass through, to connect to the central canal and to other osteocytes.

49
Q

filapodia

A

the connective arms of octeocytes that they use to contact eachother and the central canal

50
Q

spongy bone

A

Lamellae are arranged in struts called trabeculae.

Red or yellow marrow can be found between the spaces of the trabeculae.

51
Q

what are the types of bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes

52
Q

osteoprogenitor

A
  • divide to produce osteoblasts.
  • They are located in the inner, cellular layer of periosteum and endosteum.
  • Important in fracture repair.
53
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • secrete matrix compounds. They make collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins that are not yet calcified.
  • They mature into osteocytes.
54
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • mature bone cells that live in the lacunae between lamellae, connected through filapodia that fill the canaliculi.
  • They do not divide
  • They maintain protein and mineral content of matrix.
55
Q

osteocytes

A

come from stem cells that also divide into macrophages.

56
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

is a connective tissue disorder that is associated with the overgrowth of long bones.

57
Q

Rickets

A

is a softening of bones in childhood due to malnutrition, either a lack of vitamin D or calcium. Leads to bowed limbs, weak muscles, brittle bones.

58
Q

Osteoperosis

A

is a weakening of bones associated with old age, caused by an imbalance between osteocytes and osteoclasts.

59
Q

what are the two kinds of membrane associated with bones

A

periosteum

endosteum

60
Q

periosteum

A

-covers the outside surface of bones (except for articular surfaces)
- has two layers
Contains perforating fibers; tufts of collagen that perforate into the bone. This lets the periosteum serve as a site of attachment for tendons.

61
Q

what are the two layers of the periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer and the inner layer

62
Q

what is the outer fibrous layer made of

A

r is dense irregular connective tissue

63
Q

The inner layer of the periosteum

A

is cellular, contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells.
The periosteum helps supply the bone with nutrients (it has nerves and blood vessels)

64
Q

endosteum

A

covers the interior of the bones and connects the bone marrow and trabeculae to the bone

65
Q

when do human bones stop growing.

A

25

66
Q

osteogenesis

A

bone formation

67
Q

ossification

A

the process of replacing other tissues with bone.

68
Q

Calcification

A

process of depositing calcium salts.

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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