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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

is a segment of DNA that encodes an inherited trait.

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2
Q

DNA replication

A

a DNA molecule is copied to create two identical molecules.

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3
Q

transcription

A

a segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) and moved outside the nucleus.

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4
Q

translation

A

the mRNA molecule is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, later folded into a protein.

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5
Q

what is the central dogma

A

Dna is split and then made into RNA and then read and made into protien

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6
Q

histology

A

is the study of tissues. A tissue sample must be fixed (preserved) before being sectioned and stained.

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7
Q

Epithelium

A

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces (internal or external), lines cavities, and forms glands.

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8
Q

what are the six characteristics of epithelia?

A

cellularity, polarity

attachment to connective tissue, avascular, inerviated and highly regenerative

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9
Q

what is celularity

A

lateral contacts between cells that hold them together and allow for communication: part of the skin has desmosomes that are a kind of cell junction)

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10
Q

what is polarity

A

apical and basal surfaces have different function; basal cells are attached to a basement membrane, apical surface often has villi or cilia)

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11
Q

what is epithelia connected to?

A

connected to basal lamina and reticular lamina

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12
Q

what is avascular

A

no blood supply

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13
Q

what is inerviated

A

supplied by nerves

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14
Q

why is epithelia highly regenerative?

A

a majority of cells are lost due to flaking so the body has stem cells to replace the lost cells

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15
Q

what are microvilli

A

little arms on the apical surface that protrude from cells that are used for absorption/secretion

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16
Q

what are cilia

A

arms that move fluids across surface

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17
Q

where is simple squamous mesothelium located

A

visceral side of serous membranes.

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18
Q

what is the meaning of visceral

A

relating to an internal organ

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19
Q

where is endothelium located?

A

it lines the interior blood and lymphatic vesels also form capillaries

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20
Q

What is Stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protects structures from abrasion.

  • keratinized
  • water resistant
  • found in the epidermis and external openings of the body mouth anus vagina
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21
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects secretion and absorption.

-in the lining of ducts in sweat and mammary glands

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22
Q

simple cuboidal epithlium

A

in the Glandular tissue, Ducts/kidney tubules

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23
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

is found in the wall of hollow urinary organs (urethra, ureter, urinary bladder)

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24
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • found in the respiratory tract and male reproductive tract.
  • in the respiratroy tract, it is ciliated and has goblet cells
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25
what is a goblet cell?
a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.
26
glandular epithelia types
endocrine and exocrine glands
27
what do endocrine glands do?
glands that release hormones to intestinal fluid to blood
28
what do exocrine glands do
release secretions to the epithelia (ducted)
29
what types of types of secretion do exocrine glands have
merocrine; product released by exocytosis | Holocrine; product released by destruction of cells.
30
what types of gland structures are there?
unicellular; goblet cells | multicellular; simple or complex, tubular or aveolar
31
what are the four types of connective tissue?
- connective tissue proper - cartilage - bone - blood
32
functions of CT
- structural framework - transport substances - protect delicate organs - insulate body - defend body - store energy - connect structues
33
what is extracellular matrix
the majority of the volume of CT. - a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells
34
ground substance
the fluid that holds the ECM
35
protein fibers
produced by fibroblasts
36
what are the three types of protein fibers?
collagen elastic reticular
37
collagen
the most common resists force in one direction.
38
elastic
fibers are branched and wavy, return to their original length after strech
39
reticular
fibers are a network of interwoven fibers that resist force in many directions.
40
what are all the types of connective tissue proper.
mesenchyme loose connective tissue dense connective tissue
41
what is mesenchyme
embryonic tissue that gives rise to all connective tissue types
42
what are the two types of LCT
- areolar connective tissue - adipose tissue - reticular CT
43
areolar connective tissue
an open structure with relatively low fiber number. - highly vascularized - not specialized - metabolically active - fluid reservoir shock absorber - attaches epithelia to deeper structures
44
adipose tissue
- energy storage -acts as padding insulation -metabolically active brown fat- produces heat for babies
45
reticular CT
- support functional cells of organ | - found in spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph
46
types of Dense CT
- Dense regular connective tissue | - Dense irregular connective tissue
47
Dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers packed tightly in an irregular arrangement - supports stress in one direction - contains some elastic fibers - found in dermis and periosteum
48
periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones
49
dense regular CT
- collagen packed tightly and run parallel with each other and align with force applied - composes tendons ligaments, aponeruoses
50
cartalige
gel like matrix that resists compression and tension. - proteoglyans allow water to be traped in the matrix which makes it a gel - avascular
51
types of cartilage
- hyaline; trachea, larynx, ribs, and end of long bones. - elastic; outer ear and epiglottis - fibrocartilage; intervertebral discs
52
bone
matrix is 1/3 cartalige and 2/3 calcium phosphate | cells are call osteons
53
muscle tissue
- specialized for contraction.
54
three types of muscle tissue
- skeleton; found in large body muscles - cardiac; only found in heart, for pumping. - smooth; found in walls of hollow contracting organs
55
neural tissue
- carries signals through the body | - cell types; neurons and neuroglia support cells
56
Mechanisms of tissue repair
regeneration | fibrosis
57
what is regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue with the same tissue type
58
fibrosis
replacement of tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scarring)
59
steps of tissue
1. inflammation 2. rganization: blood clot replaced by granulation tissue, fibroblasts produce collagen, blood supply is restored. 3. permanent repair. Granulation tissue matures, contraction occurs, fibrosed tissue under regenerated epithelium.
60
what is skin
cutaneous membrane, consists of 2 layers. | - Is keratinized squamous epithelium
61
two parts of the skin
epidermis and dermis
62
what is the epidermis made up of
mostly epithelial cells
63
dermis
mostly dense connective tissue, vascularized
64
what are the two parts below the epidermis and dermis?
hypodermis | fascia
65
hypodermis
(subcutaneous layer that stores fat and absorbs shock)
66
fascia
(a sheet of connective tissue that attaches skin to muscles)
67
functions of the skin
protection, excretion, thermoregulation, synthesis, sensation, and pain.
68
how does the skin protect the body
- physical barrier form cuts tears and abrasions. - chemical barrier - impermeable to most substances - low ph of skin secretions kills some bacteria - environmental; protects from UV radiation
69
how does skin help in thermoregulation
- contains adipose tissue - vascular perfusion - sweat glands
70
what does the skin sythesis
vitamin D which helps with calcium absorption
71
what are the two main pigments in the skin
melanin, carotene | `
72
what are the skins cell types
keratinocytes melanocytes langerhans cells merkel cells
73
keratinocytes
produce keratin Generated in deep epidermis (stratum basale), they are dead and scale-like when pushed to the surface by newer keratinocytes.
74
melanocytes
produce melanin (skin pigment) shields against UV light
75
langerhans cells
- macrophages . | - Made in bone marrow, migrate to the epidermis.
76
merkel cells
(touch receptors) are attached to disclike nerve endings.
77
epidermal layers
``` EXTERNAL - stratum corneum -stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin) - stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum -stratum basale INTERNAL ```
78
Stratum corneum
dead keratinized cells - protect living cells bellow - constantly shed
79
stratum lucidum
a super thin clear layer present only in thick skin
80
stratum granulosum
- water barrier - resistant to injury - cells fill with keratin - organelles disintegrate and cells die
81
stratum spinosum
intermediate filaments | -cells attached by desmosomes
82
stratum basale
deepest layer - epidermal ridges - actively dividing - 10-15% that is melanocytes - merkel cells
83
melanin
brown black, yellow brown pigments produced by melanocytes | -protects against UV radiation
84
melanocytes
enter neighboring cells and deposit melanin pigments.
85
what are the three types of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma
86
basale cell carcinoma
cancer of the basal cells
87
squamous cell carcinoma
originate in the stratum spinosum.
88
melanoma
originate in the melanocytes. | -most dangerous

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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