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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

is a segment of DNA that encodes an inherited trait.

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2
Q

DNA replication

A

a DNA molecule is copied to create two identical molecules.

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3
Q

transcription

A

a segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) and moved outside the nucleus.

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4
Q

translation

A

the mRNA molecule is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, later folded into a protein.

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5
Q

what is the central dogma

A

Dna is split and then made into RNA and then read and made into protien

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6
Q

histology

A

is the study of tissues. A tissue sample must be fixed (preserved) before being sectioned and stained.

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7
Q

Epithelium

A

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces (internal or external), lines cavities, and forms glands.

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8
Q

what are the six characteristics of epithelia?

A

cellularity, polarity

attachment to connective tissue, avascular, inerviated and highly regenerative

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9
Q

what is celularity

A

lateral contacts between cells that hold them together and allow for communication: part of the skin has desmosomes that are a kind of cell junction)

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10
Q

what is polarity

A

apical and basal surfaces have different function; basal cells are attached to a basement membrane, apical surface often has villi or cilia)

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11
Q

what is epithelia connected to?

A

connected to basal lamina and reticular lamina

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12
Q

what is avascular

A

no blood supply

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13
Q

what is inerviated

A

supplied by nerves

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14
Q

why is epithelia highly regenerative?

A

a majority of cells are lost due to flaking so the body has stem cells to replace the lost cells

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15
Q

what are microvilli

A

little arms on the apical surface that protrude from cells that are used for absorption/secretion

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16
Q

what are cilia

A

arms that move fluids across surface

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17
Q

where is simple squamous mesothelium located

A

visceral side of serous membranes.

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18
Q

what is the meaning of visceral

A

relating to an internal organ

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19
Q

where is endothelium located?

A

it lines the interior blood and lymphatic vesels also form capillaries

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20
Q

What is Stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protects structures from abrasion.

  • keratinized
  • water resistant
  • found in the epidermis and external openings of the body mouth anus vagina
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21
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects secretion and absorption.

-in the lining of ducts in sweat and mammary glands

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22
Q

simple cuboidal epithlium

A

in the Glandular tissue, Ducts/kidney tubules

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23
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

is found in the wall of hollow urinary organs (urethra, ureter, urinary bladder)

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24
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • found in the respiratory tract and male reproductive tract.
  • in the respiratroy tract, it is ciliated and has goblet cells
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25
Q

what is a goblet cell?

A

a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.

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26
Q

glandular epithelia types

A

endocrine and exocrine glands

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27
Q

what do endocrine glands do?

A

glands that release hormones to intestinal fluid to blood

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28
Q

what do exocrine glands do

A

release secretions to the epithelia (ducted)

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29
Q

what types of types of secretion do exocrine glands have

A

merocrine; product released by exocytosis

Holocrine; product released by destruction of cells.

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30
Q

what types of gland structures are there?

A

unicellular; goblet cells

multicellular; simple or complex, tubular or aveolar

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31
Q

what are the four types of connective tissue?

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
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32
Q

functions of CT

A
  • structural framework
  • transport substances
  • protect delicate organs
  • insulate body
  • defend body
  • store energy
  • connect structues
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33
Q

what is extracellular matrix

A

the majority of the volume of CT.
- a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells

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34
Q

ground substance

A

the fluid that holds the ECM

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35
Q

protein fibers

A

produced by fibroblasts

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36
Q

what are the three types of protein fibers?

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

37
Q

collagen

A

the most common resists force in one direction.

38
Q

elastic

A

fibers are branched and wavy, return to their original length after strech

39
Q

reticular

A

fibers are a network of interwoven fibers that resist force in many directions.

40
Q

what are all the types of connective tissue proper.

A

mesenchyme
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue

41
Q

what is mesenchyme

A

embryonic tissue that gives rise to all connective tissue types

42
Q

what are the two types of LCT

A
  • areolar connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • reticular CT
43
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

an open structure with relatively low fiber number.

  • highly vascularized
  • not specialized
  • metabolically active
  • fluid reservoir shock absorber
  • attaches epithelia to deeper structures
44
Q

adipose tissue

A
  • energy storage
    -acts as padding insulation
    -metabolically active
    brown fat- produces heat for babies
45
Q

reticular CT

A
  • support functional cells of organ

- found in spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph

46
Q

types of Dense CT

A
  • Dense regular connective tissue

- Dense irregular connective tissue

47
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers packed tightly in an irregular arrangement

  • supports stress in one direction
  • contains some elastic fibers
  • found in dermis and periosteum
48
Q

periosteum

A

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones

49
Q

dense regular CT

A
  • collagen packed tightly and run parallel with each other and align with force applied
  • composes tendons ligaments, aponeruoses
50
Q

cartalige

A

gel like matrix that resists compression and tension.

  • proteoglyans allow water to be traped in the matrix which makes it a gel
  • avascular
51
Q

types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline; trachea, larynx, ribs, and end of long bones.
  • elastic; outer ear and epiglottis
  • fibrocartilage; intervertebral discs
52
Q

bone

A

matrix is 1/3 cartalige and 2/3 calcium phosphate

cells are call osteons

53
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • specialized for contraction.
54
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeleton; found in large body muscles
  • cardiac; only found in heart, for pumping.
  • smooth; found in walls of hollow contracting organs
55
Q

neural tissue

A
  • carries signals through the body

- cell types; neurons and neuroglia support cells

56
Q

Mechanisms of tissue repair

A

regeneration

fibrosis

57
Q

what is regeneration

A

replacement of destroyed tissue with the same tissue type

58
Q

fibrosis

A

replacement of tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scarring)

59
Q

steps of tissue

A
  1. inflammation
  2. rganization: blood clot replaced by granulation tissue, fibroblasts produce collagen, blood supply is restored.
  3. permanent repair. Granulation tissue matures, contraction occurs, fibrosed tissue under regenerated epithelium.
60
Q

what is skin

A

cutaneous membrane, consists of 2 layers.

- Is keratinized squamous epithelium

61
Q

two parts of the skin

A

epidermis and dermis

62
Q

what is the epidermis made up of

A

mostly epithelial cells

63
Q

dermis

A

mostly dense connective tissue, vascularized

64
Q

what are the two parts below the epidermis and dermis?

A

hypodermis

fascia

65
Q

hypodermis

A

(subcutaneous layer that stores fat and absorbs shock)

66
Q

fascia

A

(a sheet of connective tissue that attaches skin to muscles)

67
Q

functions of the skin

A

protection, excretion, thermoregulation, synthesis, sensation, and pain.

68
Q

how does the skin protect the body

A
  • physical barrier form cuts tears and abrasions.
  • chemical barrier
  • impermeable to most substances
  • low ph of skin secretions kills some bacteria
  • environmental; protects from UV radiation
69
Q

how does skin help in thermoregulation

A
  • contains adipose tissue
  • vascular perfusion
  • sweat glands
70
Q

what does the skin sythesis

A

vitamin D which helps with calcium absorption

71
Q

what are the two main pigments in the skin

A

melanin, carotene

`

72
Q

what are the skins cell types

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cells

73
Q

keratinocytes

A

produce keratin Generated in deep epidermis (stratum basale), they are dead and scale-like when pushed to the surface by newer keratinocytes.

74
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin (skin pigment) shields against UV light

75
Q

langerhans cells

A
  • macrophages .

- Made in bone marrow, migrate to the epidermis.

76
Q

merkel cells

A

(touch receptors) are attached to disclike nerve endings.

77
Q

epidermal layers

A 
EXTERNAL
- stratum corneum
-stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin)
- stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale
INTERNAL
78
Q

Stratum corneum

A

dead keratinized cells

  • protect living cells bellow
  • constantly shed
79
Q

stratum lucidum

A

a super thin clear layer present only in thick skin

80
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • water barrier
  • resistant to injury
  • cells fill with keratin
  • organelles disintegrate and cells die
81
Q

stratum spinosum

A

intermediate filaments

-cells attached by desmosomes

82
Q

stratum basale

A

deepest layer

  • epidermal ridges
  • actively dividing
  • 10-15% that is melanocytes
  • merkel cells
83
Q

melanin

A

brown black, yellow brown pigments produced by melanocytes

-protects against UV radiation

84
Q

melanocytes

A

enter neighboring cells and deposit melanin pigments.

85
Q

what are the three types of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma

86
Q

basale cell carcinoma

A

cancer of the basal cells

87
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

originate in the stratum spinosum.

88
Q

melanoma

A

originate in the melanocytes.

-most dangerous

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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