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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

is the study of internal and external structure, and how the body structures relate to each other.

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2
Q

physiology

A

is study of how living organisms perform vital functions (the function of the structure).

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3
Q

what are the levels of organization

A

atoms> Molecules> Organelles> Cells> tissue> organ> organ system> organism

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4
Q

what is the smallest unit of life

A

cell

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5
Q

what is homeostasis

A

an organism’s way of trying to keep the internal parts of the organism constant for proper functonality

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6
Q

ways to keep homeostasis (effectors)

A
  • shivering(contraction of muscle)
  • dilation/contraction of capillaries
  • release of sweat
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7
Q

what controls homeostasis in the human body

A

hypothalimus

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8
Q

negative feedback

A

the effector acts against the stimulus.

- it is hot outside so the body produces sweat to combat the heat.

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9
Q

positive feedback

A

the body lets out chemicals to increase what is happening.

-a mother is breastfeeding so the body sends out a message to produce more breast milk

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10
Q

what is homeostasis considered?

A

dynamic equlalibrium

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11
Q

what is a serous membrane

A

a double membrane with a fluid-filled space between the membranes

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12
Q

what is a serous membrane used for?

A

Their purpose is to allow organs to glide over each other as the body moves, preventing friction.

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13
Q

study the directions based on a cadaver

A

lateral medial, all that stuff. study itttttttttttttttt

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14
Q

what are the two major parts of the skeleton?

A

appendicular, axial

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15
Q

what parts are included in the appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the limbs

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16
Q

what parts are included in the axial skeleton

A

the central part of the body skull, spine, ribs.

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17
Q

what are the three major planes

A

frontal, sagital, and transverse

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18
Q

why do chemical bonds occur

A

because of an interaction between the electrons of atoms

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19
Q

what are the three types of bonds

A

covalent,ionic, hydrogen

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20
Q

covalent

A

sharing of electrons between atoms

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21
Q

ionic

A

complete transfer of electrons

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22
Q

hydrogen

A

the positive charge of one molecule is attracted to the negative charge of another.

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23
Q

polar covalent bonds are

A

hydrophilic (dissolve in water)

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24
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds are

A

hydrophobic (don’t dissolve in water)

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25
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of the body’s chemical reactions

26
Q

what are the three types of reactions

A

decomposition, synthesis and exchange

27
Q

decompistion

A

breaking a molecule into smaller parts. releases energy aka exergonic.

28
Q

synthesis

A

making a new molecule out of other molecules, requires energy

29
Q

exchange

A

reacting molecules are shifted around

30
Q

what are commonly used gases in the body

A

O2, used for cellular resperation and C02 is produced as waste

31
Q

what are salts used for

A

conduct electricity and charges molecule

32
Q

water

A
  • universal solvent
  • essential reactant
  • lubricant
  • 2/3 of the body’s mass
33
Q

organic molecule

A

a molecule that contains Carbon or oxygen

34
Q

carbohydrates

A

small units are monosaccharides
a large sugar molecule called polysaccharides
used for energy
important sugars; glycogen, glucose

35
Q

lipids uses

A

energy storage
protection
hormones
structure

36
Q

are lipid water soluable

A

no

37
Q

protein function

A 
energy source
support
movement
transport
catalyst
defense
38
Q

what are the subunits of proteins

A

amino acids

39
Q

nucleic functions

A

to store information of the cell

40
Q

use for ATP

A

short term energy carrier used for cellular functions

41
Q

plasma membrane

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails and integral proteins.

42
Q

what are the integral proteins in the cell membrane

A
  • transport proteins

- anchor proteins

43
Q

what is cholesterol role in membranes?

A

more cholesterol=less permeability of cell

less is the opposite

44
Q

simple diffusion

A

molecules go from a high concentration to low concentration to estabish equlibrium

45
Q

osmosis

A

water related simple diffusion

46
Q

isotonic solution

A

inside= outside

47
Q

hypotonic solution

A

more solute in the inside than outside

48
Q

hypertonic solution

A

less solute inside than the outside

49
Q

filtration

A

Does not require energy. Substances pushed through membrane by hydrostatic pressure.
-hydrostatic pressure, the pressure that is created because of gravity

50
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

high [solute] to low [solute]. Does not require energy. Passive transportation of large hydrophilic molecules by proteins.

51
Q

Active transport:

A

low [solute] to high [solute]. Requires energy/ATP.

52
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Requires energy/ATP. Molecules entering/exiting the cell via vesicle formation (a “bubble” made of lipid bilayer that holds molecules).

53
Q

endocytosis

A

taking in molecules

54
Q

exocytosis

A

excreting moleucles

55
Q

cytoskeleton

A

supports and provides structure to the cell

56
Q

endoplasmic recticulum

A

is a membranous network
two parts:
Rough ER = Protein synthesis ( it is studded with ribosomes)
Smooth ER = Lipid synthesis

57
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies and ships proteins.

58
Q

Lysosomes

A

site of intracellular digestion.

59
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of ATP synthesis, and act as the powerhouse of the cell.

60
Q

nucleus

A

houses genetic information/stores the genome.

61
Q

study the cell cycle

A

do it!!

62
Q

what is the central dogma?

A

DNA> RNA>protein

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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