Week 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
is the study of internal and external structure, and how the body structures relate to each other.
physiology
is study of how living organisms perform vital functions (the function of the structure).
what are the levels of organization
atoms> Molecules> Organelles> Cells> tissue> organ> organ system> organism
what is the smallest unit of life
cell
what is homeostasis
an organism’s way of trying to keep the internal parts of the organism constant for proper functonality
ways to keep homeostasis (effectors)
- shivering(contraction of muscle)
- dilation/contraction of capillaries
- release of sweat
what controls homeostasis in the human body
hypothalimus
negative feedback
the effector acts against the stimulus.
- it is hot outside so the body produces sweat to combat the heat.
positive feedback
the body lets out chemicals to increase what is happening.
-a mother is breastfeeding so the body sends out a message to produce more breast milk
what is homeostasis considered?
dynamic equlalibrium
what is a serous membrane
a double membrane with a fluid-filled space between the membranes
what is a serous membrane used for?
Their purpose is to allow organs to glide over each other as the body moves, preventing friction.
study the directions based on a cadaver
lateral medial, all that stuff. study itttttttttttttttt
what are the two major parts of the skeleton?
appendicular, axial
what parts are included in the appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs
what parts are included in the axial skeleton
the central part of the body skull, spine, ribs.
what are the three major planes
frontal, sagital, and transverse
why do chemical bonds occur
because of an interaction between the electrons of atoms
what are the three types of bonds
covalent,ionic, hydrogen
covalent
sharing of electrons between atoms
ionic
complete transfer of electrons
hydrogen
the positive charge of one molecule is attracted to the negative charge of another.
polar covalent bonds are
hydrophilic (dissolve in water)
nonpolar covalent bonds are
hydrophobic (don’t dissolve in water)
what is metabolism
the sum of the body’s chemical reactions
what are the three types of reactions
decomposition, synthesis and exchange
decompistion
breaking a molecule into smaller parts. releases energy aka exergonic.
synthesis
making a new molecule out of other molecules, requires energy
exchange
reacting molecules are shifted around
what are commonly used gases in the body
O2, used for cellular resperation and C02 is produced as waste
what are salts used for
conduct electricity and charges molecule
water
- universal solvent
- essential reactant
- lubricant
- 2/3 of the body’s mass
organic molecule
a molecule that contains Carbon or oxygen
carbohydrates
small units are monosaccharides
a large sugar molecule called polysaccharides
used for energy
important sugars; glycogen, glucose
lipids uses
energy storage
protection
hormones
structure
are lipid water soluable
no
protein function
energy source support movement transport catalyst defense
what are the subunits of proteins
amino acids
nucleic functions
to store information of the cell
use for ATP
short term energy carrier used for cellular functions
plasma membrane
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails and integral proteins.
what are the integral proteins in the cell membrane
- transport proteins
- anchor proteins
what is cholesterol role in membranes?
more cholesterol=less permeability of cell
less is the opposite
simple diffusion
molecules go from a high concentration to low concentration to estabish equlibrium
osmosis
water related simple diffusion
isotonic solution
inside= outside
hypotonic solution
more solute in the inside than outside
hypertonic solution
less solute inside than the outside
filtration
Does not require energy. Substances pushed through membrane by hydrostatic pressure.
-hydrostatic pressure, the pressure that is created because of gravity
facilitated diffusion
high [solute] to low [solute]. Does not require energy. Passive transportation of large hydrophilic molecules by proteins.
Active transport:
low [solute] to high [solute]. Requires energy/ATP.
Vesicular transport
Requires energy/ATP. Molecules entering/exiting the cell via vesicle formation (a “bubble” made of lipid bilayer that holds molecules).
endocytosis
taking in molecules
exocytosis
excreting moleucles
cytoskeleton
supports and provides structure to the cell
endoplasmic recticulum
is a membranous network
two parts:
Rough ER = Protein synthesis ( it is studded with ribosomes)
Smooth ER = Lipid synthesis
golgi apparatus
modifies and ships proteins.
Lysosomes
site of intracellular digestion.
Mitochondria
site of ATP synthesis, and act as the powerhouse of the cell.
nucleus
houses genetic information/stores the genome.
study the cell cycle
do it!!
what is the central dogma?
DNA> RNA>protein
