Week 4 Flashcards

Rumen Flukes

Rumen flukes
What Paramphistomes of Australia are found in the following snails? Where are they found geographically?

Widely distributed VIC, TAS, Coastal NSW, Tropical wet QLD, WA

What is the life cycle of Paramphistomes?

What is the pathogenesis of paramhistones?
* First 1-2 months
* Enteritis: juvenile flukes attach, feed in duodenum/ upper jejunum
* adults cause no harm
* exposure increased immunity
* Weaners or immuno-naive animals (introduced animals) most susceptible
- drought, movement, stressed

Paramhistones
Clinical signs of paramhistones
* Light infection- asymptomatic
* moderate- ill thrift, reduced weight gain, loss milk production
* heavy- up to 72K worms- water diarrhoea, dehydration and death
Diagnosis of paramhistones
* difficult because usually unaware of infection, post mortem, NO eggs in faeces– because juveniles cause signs and symptoms and PPP is 3 months

Paramhistones
Treatment and Control of paramhistomes
* Fence/ drain affected areas
* Anthelmintics- none specifically registered in Australia against parahistomes (extra-label use- clostantel 10 mg/kg, oxyclozanide 15 mg/kg)
* Adult flukes in rumen- reduce contamination of pasture for next cycle, later winter
* Juvenile flukes- treat/ prevent clinical disease, summer- early winter

Dicrocoelium dentriticum (Dicrocoelium, Snail IH- Cionella- ant is 2nd IH)– ruminants, horses, pigs, humans

Dicrocoelium dentriticum (Dicrocoelium, Snail IH- Cionella- ant is 2nd IH)– ruminants, horses, pigs, humans
Life cycle of Dicrocoelium dentriticum (Dicrocoelium, Snail IH- Cionella- ant is 2nd IH)– ruminants, horses, pigs, humans

Significance of this parasite- what is its?

Dicrocoelium

Treatment and control of Dicrocoelium
* very difficult!
* Benzimidazoles (e.g. albendazole) at high dose (e.g. 20 mg/kg)
* Praziquantel
why are fish borne liver flukes important for us? What are the two main genera?
* use animals and humans as reservoirs
* Opisthorichis and Clonorchis
What are signs of opisthorichis and Clonorchis?
* Asymptomatic
* Gall bladder stones
* Cholangitis, jaundice
*Cholagiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma

Clonorchis
Opisthorichis and Clonorchis Life Cycle

Risk factors of opisthorichis and clonorchis?
* traditional dietary practices of eating raw, fermented, or pickled fish
* Poor sanitation- use of animal or human effluent as fish food
* Uncontrolled reservoir host population (free roaming, dogs, cats, and pigs)
Control and prevention of opisthorichis and Clonorchis?
* monitor and chemotherapy- mass praziquantel for humans, praziquantel baits reservoir hosts
* education: alter traditional eating practices, cook fish, or free at 20 below C for > 24 hours
* indoor defaecation
* do not feed raw fish to dogs and cats
Paragonimus spp. Life Cycle


Paragonimiasis











