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Parasitology 2 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Rumen Flukes

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2
Q
A

Rumen flukes

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3
Q

What Paramphistomes of Australia are found in the following snails? Where are they found geographically?

A

Widely distributed VIC, TAS, Coastal NSW, Tropical wet QLD, WA

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4
Q

What is the life cycle of Paramphistomes?

A
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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of paramhistones?

A

* First 1-2 months

* Enteritis: juvenile flukes attach, feed in duodenum/ upper jejunum

* adults cause no harm

* exposure increased immunity

* Weaners or immuno-naive animals (introduced animals) most susceptible

  • drought, movement, stressed
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6
Q
A

Paramhistones

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7
Q

Clinical signs of paramhistones

A

* Light infection- asymptomatic

* moderate- ill thrift, reduced weight gain, loss milk production

* heavy- up to 72K worms- water diarrhoea, dehydration and death

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8
Q

Diagnosis of paramhistones

A

* difficult because usually unaware of infection, post mortem, NO eggs in faeces– because juveniles cause signs and symptoms and PPP is 3 months

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9
Q
A

Paramhistones

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10
Q

Treatment and Control of paramhistomes

A

* Fence/ drain affected areas

* Anthelmintics- none specifically registered in Australia against parahistomes (extra-label use- clostantel 10 mg/kg, oxyclozanide 15 mg/kg)

* Adult flukes in rumen- reduce contamination of pasture for next cycle, later winter

* Juvenile flukes- treat/ prevent clinical disease, summer- early winter

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11
Q
A

Dicrocoelium dentriticum (Dicrocoelium, Snail IH- Cionella- ant is 2nd IH)– ruminants, horses, pigs, humans

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12
Q
A

Dicrocoelium dentriticum (Dicrocoelium, Snail IH- Cionella- ant is 2nd IH)– ruminants, horses, pigs, humans

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13
Q

Life cycle of Dicrocoelium dentriticum (Dicrocoelium, Snail IH- Cionella- ant is 2nd IH)– ruminants, horses, pigs, humans

A
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14
Q

Significance of this parasite- what is its?

A

Dicrocoelium

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15
Q

Treatment and control of Dicrocoelium

A

* very difficult!

* Benzimidazoles (e.g. albendazole) at high dose (e.g. 20 mg/kg)

* Praziquantel

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16
Q

why are fish borne liver flukes important for us? What are the two main genera?

A

* use animals and humans as reservoirs

* Opisthorichis and Clonorchis

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17
Q

What are signs of opisthorichis and Clonorchis?

A

* Asymptomatic

* Gall bladder stones

* Cholangitis, jaundice

*Cholagiocarcinoma

18
Q
A

Cholangiocarcinoma

19
Q
A

Clonorchis

20
Q

Opisthorichis and Clonorchis Life Cycle

A
21
Q

Risk factors of opisthorichis and clonorchis?

A

* traditional dietary practices of eating raw, fermented, or pickled fish

* Poor sanitation- use of animal or human effluent as fish food

* Uncontrolled reservoir host population (free roaming, dogs, cats, and pigs)

22
Q

Control and prevention of opisthorichis and Clonorchis?

A

* monitor and chemotherapy- mass praziquantel for humans, praziquantel baits reservoir hosts

* education: alter traditional eating practices, cook fish, or free at 20 below C for > 24 hours

* indoor defaecation

* do not feed raw fish to dogs and cats

23
Q

Paragonimus spp. Life Cycle

A
24
Q
A

Paragonimiasis

25
Q
A

Paragonimiasis

26
Q

General Paragonimiasis

A

* endemic in SE Asia, the Americas

*Zoonosis that requires reservoir control in order to control in humans

* Canids and felids reservoir

* Resembles TB in the lungs

* Pulmonary forms: cough, haemoptysis, “non-responsive tuberculosis”

* 30% of extra-pulmonary (brain, abdominal- juvenile forms “wander)

* Treatment with praziquantel

27
Q
A

Schistosomiosis

* Blook flukes (vessels- portal, mesenteric, bladder, and other)

* Human pathogens; not in Australia

* affecting 200-300 million people

28
Q
A

Schistosoma

29
Q

Morphology of Schistosoma

A

* in-copula (female in groove)– get together inside and stay that way

0.5- 2 cm long

30
Q

What Schisotosoma lives in China and parts of SE Asia?

A

S. japonicum

(in the lake and marshy regions despite successful control in other endemic areas)

31
Q

Schistosoma Life Cycle

A

* Adults live in bladder or mesentery–> shed eggs within the venules–> get to the lumen of the bladder or intestine–> passed by urine or faeces–> eggs embryonated when they pass (spines)–>miracidia hatch straight away–> snails–> sporocyts in snail–> penetrate skin of humans

32
Q

What snail does S. japonicum use?

A

Oncomelania quadrasi; Philippines (tiny snail)

33
Q

Risks for S. japonicum

A

* Risks: rice farming, fishing, swimming

* Zoonosis: water buffalo, cattle, pigs, dogs, cats

* Philippines, Indonesia, SE China

34
Q

Acute Schistosomiosis

A

* Self-limiting deramtitis (24 hrs)

* Delayed hypersensitivity response (3-4 weeks)

  • TH1 pro-inflammatory response
  • hypereosinophilia
  • fever, arthralgia, bronchiopneumonia, and urticaria or angio-oedema
35
Q

Chronic Schistosomiosis

A

* Eggs laid within venules of urinary bladder/ distal colon and rectum

* Eggs penetrate venule and intestinal/ bladder wall using spine and proteolytic enzymes to enter lumen and be passed

* Some eggs lodge in organs causing granulomas esp. intestines, liver, bladder

  • ectopic sites e.g. brain

* Portal and pulmonary hypertension, ascites, HIV/AIDs complications

* Worm antigens in circulation- antibody- mediated glomerulonephritis (massive loss of proteins therefore exacerbated ascites- why they have such a big stomach)

* Fibrosis, neoplasia, amyloidosis

36
Q

Diagnosis of Schistosomiosis

A

* History/ clinical signs

* Eggs in faeces/ urine

* Serology

37
Q
A

S. japonicum (looking for the tiny spine)

38
Q

Control of Schistosomiosis

A

* mass treat with praziquantel to reduce burden and egg shedding and therefore clinical signs– not overly effective because reinfection occurs straight away

** better: improve household sanitation and access to clean water (not using the toilet in the water)– won’t work for S. japonicum because it uses animal reservoirs!!

** REPLACING water buffaloes with mechanical TOOLS (found it was not sustainable, but it worked)

* Educating fishermen and boatmen about the dangers of infested water

* Molluscicidal treatment (not overly effective)- miss a few snails–> asexual copulation–> cycle starts again

* Vaccines are in development- they can reduce worm burden up to 40% in some individuals

39
Q

Swimmers Itch

A

Cercarial dermatitis

* Common in AUS

* Austrobilharzia or Trichobilharzia (aquatic birds)

* Self limiting HS rxn in about 24-28 hours

* Skin penetration of the “wrong host”

40
Q

What are the parasites that impact the following ruminants & pigs ??

A

(Visceral Schistosomiasis)

Similar to humans- but no where near as severe

**production loss- low to moderate burden

** higher burdens younger animals- diarrhoea, haematuria, ascites, wasting

** Severely affected animals deteriorate rapidly and usually die wthin a few months of infection

41
Q
A
42
Q
A

Visceral Schistosomiasis

Parasitology 2 (13 decks)

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