Week 11 Flashcards
What is an Amastogote (Kinetoplastid)
A way to classify Kinetoplastids
* Amastogote- the only form that is intracellular, no flagella, asexual binary fission. Kinetoplast anterior to nucleus
Significance of Trypanosomiosis?
* Significant mortality, morbidity, and economic losses throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South America and parts of Asia
* Animals and humans
Most important species for us in Australia of Trypanosomiosis
Salivaria trypanosomiosis life cycle
* Biting fly infects mammalian host–> metacyclic trypomastigotes–> extracellular multiply by binary fission in lymph, blood, CSF (this is the stage that is infectious to the vector!!= TRYPOMASTIGOTE)
Vector= Tsetse fly for African
Pathogenesis of trypanosomiosis
* mostly phagocytosed but it switches its surface antigen coats and evades the immune system over a period of time
** our bodies produce so much antibodies we die– hyperglobulinaemia!! FROM injury to glomerular beds– can get through BBB in severe infections
* the other thing that happens as with Babesiosis– the immune system gets confused and starts to destroy bone marrow cells
What are the two main trypanosomes? Who are the reservoirs?
Animals are the reservoirs– zoonoses
What is the Trypanosoma spp you need to know? Who does it affect?
Only T. evansi
Presentation of Trypansomiosis in animals
Diagnosis of Trypansomiosis
May be able to see trypomastigotes but not likely as chances are low that you happen to get one on the slide– cannot differentiate between species this way
* Card agglutination test detects antibody in ELISA
Treatment and control of Trypansomiosis
Tolerant cattle have evolved with the parasite to survive– asymptomatic carriers- but if they become immunocompromised later in life (inevitable)– they will cross the BBB and they will die
Stercoraria trypanosomiosis- where is this? What is the disease called?
South America- Chagas disease
* Vector- Triatomine- similar to a Stink bug
** Amastigotes like cardiac tissue- can cause pathogenesis later in life
Trypomastigotes inoculated into the host through its faeces after human scratches bite–> metacyclic trypomastigotes penetrate various cells at bite wound side–> inside cells they transform into amastigotes–> amastigotes multiply by binary fission in cells of infected tissues–> intracellular amastigotes transform into trypomastigotes then burst out of the cell into the bloodstream–> Triatomine bug takes a blood meal–> epimastigotes in gut multiply–> Triatomine bug takes a blood meal etc.
What is this? What can be a reservoir?
Romanas sign: Chagas disease
Dogs and cats
What is this? What can be a reservoir?
Chancre or chagoma: Chagas disease
Dogs and cats can be reservoirs
Leishmania life cycle
Major zoonoses- problem in EU since pets can travel anywhere within. Movement of dogs and cats from the Mediterranean up north
** many DH but primary is the DOG (natural reservoir) (L. infantum)
* South America- rodents can act as reservoirs
What are the two forms of Leishmaniasis? Global distribution? What are the four main species of leishmaniasis?
L. donovani- humans only
L. infantum- dogs- humans
L. tropica, L. braziliensis- Mucocutaneous/ cutaneous form
Who does visceral leishmaniasis affect? CFR without treatment? WHere do amastigotes multiply, so what do they cause?
Cutaneous leishmaniasis- who does it affect? Lesion? Untreated, what happens?
Infantile Leishmaniasis- agent? reservoir? Where geographically? What percentage displays overt disease? Signs and symptoms?
Diagnosis of Leishmania
* conjunctival swabs are a good way to diagnose
Control of Leishmaniasis
