Week 4 Flashcards
A focus group is a small group discussion guided by a trained leader, used to learn more about ________ on a designated topic, and then guide future action.
opinions
How are focus groups different from regular “groups”?
They are focused on a specific ______.
They have a trained ________.
Members of the group are encouraged to talk openly about their opinions and respond to other members.
They are focused on a specific topic.
They have a trained facilitator.
Members of the group are encouraged to talk openly about their opinions and respond to other members.
When should you use a focus group?
When considering introducing a new program or service.
When the main concern is depth or shading of opinion.
When you want to ask questions that can’t easily be asked or answered in a written survey.
When considering introducing a new program or service.
When the main concern is depth or shading of opinion.
When you want to ask questions that can’t easily be asked or answered in a written survey.
How to Conduct a Focus Group:
Before the meeting:
Recheck your goals
Consider other methods
Find a good leader
Find a recorder
Decide who should be invited
Decide about incentives
Decide on the meeting particulars.
Prepare your questions.
Recruit your members.
Review the arrangements.
Before the meeting:
Recheck your goals
Consider other methods
Find a good leader
Find a recorder
Decide who should be invited
Decide about incentives
Decide on the meeting particulars.
Prepare your questions.
Recruit your members.
Review the arrangements.
How to Conduct a Focus Group:
When the group meets:
Thank people for coming.
Review the group’s purpose and goals.
Explain how the meeting will proceed and how members can contribute.
Set the tone by asking an opening question and making sure all opinions on that question are heard.
Ask further questions in the same general manner.
When all your questions have been asked, ask if anyone has any other comments to make.
Tell the group about any next steps that will occur and what they can expect to happen now.
Thank the group for coming!
Thank people for coming.
Review the group’s purpose and goals.
Explain how the meeting will proceed and how members can contribute.
Set the tone by asking an opening question and making sure all opinions on that question are heard.
Ask further questions in the same general manner.
When all your questions have been asked, ask if anyone has any other comments to make.
Tell the group about any next steps that will occur and what they can expect to happen now.
Thank the group for coming!
How to Conduct a Focus Group:
After the meeting meets:
Make a transcript or written summary of the meeting.
Examine the data for patterns, themes, new questions, and conclusions.
Share the results with the group.
Use the results.
After the meeting meets:
Make a transcript or written summary of the meeting.
Examine the data for patterns, themes, new questions, and conclusions.
Share the results with the group.
Use the results.
Surveys - A way of collecting information that you hope represents the views of the ____________ in which you are interested.
whole group
3 main methods of surveys
Case study surveys
Sampled surveys
Census surveys
Case study surveys
Sampled surveys
Census surveys
Why conduct a survey?
Learn about behaviors, needs, & opinions.
Find out about attitudes & reactions.
Measure client satisfaction.
Add credibility to research.
Learn about behaviors, needs, & opinions.
Find out about attitudes & reactions.
Measure client satisfaction.
Add credibility to research.
When should you conduct a survey?
When you need information quickly and efficiently.
When you need statistically valid information about a large number of people.
When you can’t get the information you need through other means.
When you need information quickly and efficiently.
When you need statistically valid information about a large number of people.
When you can’t get the information you need through other means.
Preparing a survey
Decide on the _________ of the survey.
Decide whom you will survey.
>_________
Decide what method you will use to collect your survey data.
>Written or oral
Write your questions.
-Open-ended
-Closed-ended
-Multiple choice
-Likert scale
Decide on the purpose of the survey.
Decide whom you will survey.
>Sampling
Decide what method you will use to collect your survey data.
>Written or oral
Write your questions.
-Open-ended
-Closed-ended
-Multiple choice
-Likert scale
Distributing a survey
Direct mail
Interviews & phone surveys
Drop boxes
Media distribution
Convenience sampling
Group administration
Direct mail
Interviews & phone surveys
Drop boxes
Media distribution
Convenience sampling
Group administration
Collecting the surveys
Gather incoming surveys
Review returned surveys
Secure a larger return, if necessary
Gather incoming surveys
Review returned surveys
Secure a larger return, if necessary
Analyzing the survey results
Add up results and display in a table.
Try to find __________.
Look at the overall survey to see how percentages compare.
___________ results in a one page report.
Share with staff & get their feedback.
Decide what to do with results.
Add up results and display in a table.
Try to find patterns.
Look at the overall survey to see how percentages compare.
Summarize results in a one page report.
Share with staff & get their feedback.
Decide what to do with results.
an interview is a conversation with _________.
purpose
Interviews are not the best option when:
It’s large-scale.
You need numeric data.
There are too many traps.
Interviewee has an agenda.
It’s large-scale.
You need numeric data.
There are too many traps.
Interviewee has an agenda.
Types of interviews
Face-to-face
Telephone
Focus groups
Face-to-face
Telephone
Focus groups
Conducting an interview
Practice
Small-talk
Be natural
Look sharp
Listen
Keep your goals in mind
Don’t take “yes/no”
Respect
Practice
Small-talk
Be natural
Look sharp
Listen
Keep your goals in mind
Don’t take “yes/no”
Respect
Problems with interview questions
Intimidating questions
Two-in-one question
Complex questions
Question order
Intimidating questions
Two-in-one question
Complex questions
Question order
Interviews - Summary
Determine what you want
Discuss possible questions
Draft questions
Decide on interviewee
Train your interviewers
Contact interviewees
Make appointments
Analyze the data
Determine what you want
Discuss possible questions
Draft questions
Decide on interviewee
Train your interviewers
Contact interviewees
Make appointments
Analyze the data
Enivronmental health is
… all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related behaviors, but excluding those natural environments that cannot be reasonably ________. - WHO
“Fundamental component of the comprehensive public health system, environmental health works to advance policies and programs to reduce chemical and other environmental exposures to air, water, soil, and foot to protect residents and provide communities with healthier environments”
… all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related behaviors, but excluding those natural environments that cannot be reasonably modified.
“Fundamental component of the comprehensive public health system, environmental health works to advance policies and programs to reduce chemical and other environmental exposures to air, water, soil, and foot to protect residents and provide communities with healthier environments”
A Critical Theory Approach to Environmental Health
Nurses can take environmental health history that can benefit client in:
-Increased awareness
-Improved timelines
-Prevents disease
-Identifies potential environmental hazards
Uses upstream thinking (hx)
Promote population health
-Raise questions about oppressive situations
Clients’ work and home environment
Nurses can take environmental health history that can benefit client in:
-Increased awareness
-Improved timelines
-Prevents disease
-Identifies potential environmental hazards
Uses upstream thinking (hx)
Promote population health
-Raise questions about oppressive situations
Clients’ work and home environment
Areas of Environmental Health
Field of environmental health divided into
Built environment
Work-related exposures
Outdoor air quality
Healthy homes
Water quality
Food safety
Waste management
Built environment
Work-related exposures
Outdoor air quality
Healthy homes
Water quality
Food safety
Waste management
The built environment
Social Component
Physical Component
-Growing evidence supports that the built environment directly and indirectly affects health outcomes and disease rates.
Neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) was found to be a greater mediator of childhood ________ than racial or ethnic disparities.
Social Component
Physical Component
-Growing evidence supports that the built environment directly and indirectly affects health outcomes and disease rates.
Neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) was found to be a greater mediator of childhood obesity than racial or ethnic disparities.
Work-Related Exposure
Poor working conditions that result in potential injury or illness
Environmental health problems posed by work related exposures
-Occupational toxic poisoning
-Machine-operation hazards
-Electrical hazards
-Repetitive motion injuries
-Carcinogenic particulate inhalation
-Heavy metal poisoning
Safety Data Sheets
>OSHA requires SDS
Poor working conditions that result in potential injury or illness
Environmental health problems posed by work related exposures
-Occupational toxic poisoning
-Machine-operation hazards
-Electrical hazards
-Repetitive motion injuries
-Carcinogenic particulate inhalation
-Heavy metal poisoning
Safety Data Sheets
>OSHA requires SDS
*** Outdoor Air Quality
The purity of the air and the presence of air pollution
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified 6 air pollutants
-Ozone
-Carbon monoxide
-Nitrogen oxides
-Sulfur dioxide
-Particulate matter
-Lead
In 1968, the National Air Pollution Control Administration developed the air quality index (AQI)
Nurses Role
The purity of the air and the presence of air pollution
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified 6 air pollutants
-Ozone
-Carbon monoxide
-Nitrogen oxides
-Sulfur dioxide
-Particulate matter
-Lead
In 1968, the National Air Pollution Control Administration developed the air quality index (AQI)
Nurses Role
Healthy Homes
The availability of shelter and its safety, structural strength, cleanliness, location, and indoor air quality
According to the EPA (2017) health concerns related to indoor living are a result of: Radon, carbon monoxide, molds and dusts, secondhand smoke, cooking vapors, lead paint, and rodents.
Health problems related to housing include:
Fire hazards
Lack of accommodations for people with disabilities
Illnesses caused by overcrowding, psychological effects of architectural design
Injuries sustained from collapsed building structures
Exposure to deaths from inadequate indoor heating and cooling
Sick housing syndrome
The availability of shelter and its safety, structural strength, cleanliness, location, and indoor air quality
According to the EPA (2017) health concerns related to indoor living are a result of: Radon, carbon monoxide, molds and dusts, secondhand smoke, cooking vapors, lead paint, and rodents.
Health problems related to housing include:
Fire hazards
Lack of accommodations for people with disabilities
Illnesses caused by overcrowding, psychological effects of architectural design
Injuries sustained from collapsed building structures
Exposure to deaths from inadequate indoor heating and cooling
Sick housing syndrome
Water Quality
The availability, volume, mineral content levels, toxic chemical pollution, and pathogenic microorganism levels
Problems include
Droughts
Dousing reservoirs with chemicals to
reduce algae
Contaminating aquifers with pesticides and fertilizers
Leaching lead from water pipes
Oil spilling from transport tankers or leaking offshore wells
Microbial contamination from:
-Poorly managed or maintained septic or sewerage systems
-Animal feedlot waste
The availability, volume, mineral content levels, toxic chemical pollution, and pathogenic microorganism levels
Problems include
Droughts
Dousing reservoirs with chemicals to
reduce algae
Contaminating aquifers with pesticides and fertilizers
Leaching lead from water pipes
Oil spilling from transport tankers or leaking offshore wells
Microbial contamination from:
-Poorly managed or maintained septic or sewerage systems
-Animal feedlot waste
Food safety
Availability, accessibility, and relative costs of healthy food
Food safety concerns include:
Malnutrition
Bacterial food poisoning
Food adulteration
Disrupted food chains by ecosystem destruction
Carcinogenic chemical food additives
Genetic Alteration of food
American Nurses Association
Availability, accessibility, and relative costs of healthy food
Food safety concerns include:
Malnutrition
Bacterial food poisoning
Food adulteration
Disrupted food chains by ecosystem destruction
Carcinogenic chemical food additives
Genetic Alteration of food
American Nurses Association
Waste Management
The handling of waste materials resulting from industry, municipal processes, and human consumption as well as efforts to minimize waste production
Problems related to waste management include:
Nonbiodegradable plastics
Inefficient recycling programs
Unlicensed waste dumps
Inadequate sewage systems for growing populations
Unsafe dumping of industrial toxins
Exportation of radioactive medical wastes
Illicit dumping
Nonenforcement of environmental regulations
The handling of waste materials resulting from industry, municipal processes, and human consumption as well as efforts to minimize waste production
Problems related to waste management include:
Nonbiodegradable plastics
Inefficient recycling programs
Unlicensed waste dumps
Inadequate sewage systems for growing populations
Unsafe dumping of industrial toxins
Exportation of radioactive medical wastes
Illicit dumping
Nonenforcement of environmental regulations
iprepare mnemonic
I PREPARE environmental exposure history mnemonic is a quick reference tool:
I PREPARE environmental exposure history mnemonic is a quick reference tool:
I—Investigate potential exposures
P—Present work
R—Residence
E—Environmental concerns
P—Past work
A—Activities
R—Referrals and resources
E—Educate
Effects of Environmental Hazards
Nurses must understand the multiple and complex sequences leading to health concerns.
Environmental health effects can be immediate, long-term, or intergenerational.
Certain environmental exposures have a direct relationship with the development of:
Cancers
Chronic diseases and other health-related problems
Effects of environmental risks may also be indirect, such as:
Global warming
Nurses must understand the multiple and complex sequences leading to health concerns.
Environmental health effects can be immediate, long-term, or intergenerational.
Certain environmental exposures have a direct relationship with the development of:
Cancers
Chronic diseases and other health-related problems
Effects of environmental risks may also be indirect, such as:
Global warming
Efforts to Control Environmental Health Problems
In 1970s Congress created new agencies to regulate environmental conditions on a national level:
-EPA
-Occupational Safety and Health Administration
-Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Most U.S. environmental health efforts have aimed for short-term results rather than anticipating future issues or problems.
In 1970s Congress created new agencies to regulate environmental conditions on a national level:
-EPA
-Occupational Safety and Health Administration
-Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Most U.S. environmental health efforts have aimed for short-term results rather than anticipating future issues or problems.
Emerging Issues in Environmental Health
Illegal use of pesticides
Medical waste incineration
Increased incidence of asthma related air pollution
Manufacturing of methamphetamine in home based and mobile laboratories; “cooking process” emits dangerous levels of toxic chemicals into the air.
Natural disasters and climate change affect the entire world.
Illegal use of pesticides
Medical waste incineration
Increased incidence of asthma related air pollution
Manufacturing of methamphetamine in home based and mobile laboratories; “cooking process” emits dangerous levels of toxic chemicals into the air.
Natural disasters and climate change affect the entire world.
Environmental health - Nursing Actions
Must work with public to promote more stringent and actively enforced environmental legislation and regulations.
Must include worldwide along with national environmental policies
-Ozone depletion
-Climate change
-Fossil fuel burning
-Marine dumping abandonment of active land mines in war-torn areas and destruction of tropical rainforests
Must work with public to promote more stringent and actively enforced environmental legislation and regulations.
Must include worldwide along with national environmental policies
-Ozone depletion
-Climate change
-Fossil fuel burning
-Marine dumping abandonment of active land mines in war-torn areas and destruction of tropical rainforests
Critical Community Health Nursing Practice
Approach environmental health at the population level
-Take a stand; advocate for change
-Ask critical questions
-Facilitate community involvement
-Form coalitions
-Use collective strategies
Everything is connected to everything else!
Everything has to go somewhere (incineration, water discharge, landfill)
The solution to pollution is dilution
Today’s solution may be tomorrow’s problem…
Approach environmental health at the population level
-Take a stand; advocate for change
-Ask critical questions
-Facilitate community involvement
-Form coalitions
-Use collective strategies
Everything is connected to everything else!
Everything has to go somewhere (incineration, water discharge, landfill)
The solution to pollution is dilution
Today’s solution may be tomorrow’s problem…
