NCLEX #1 Quiz Study Guide Flashcards
____________: A group of individuals who share common characteristics or circumstances.
Aggregate
___________: The systematic collection and analysis of data to identify a community’s health needs and resources.
Assessment
__________: Public health programs and policies designed to ensure a healthy environment and access to preventive services.
Assurance
___________: A group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by social ties, location, or shared interests.
Community
Definition of Health (WHO): “A state of complete ______________________________ and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
physical, mental and social well-being
Key ____________: An individual with specialized knowledge about the community who provides insight during assessment.
Informant
_______ Development: The process of creating laws, regulations, and guidelines to address public health issues.
Policy
_________: The total number of inhabitants of a geographic area.
Population
Population-focused Practice: Nursing care centered on improving the health outcomes of _______________
an entire population.
Primary Prevention: Interventions to _______________________________________________________
avoid the development of disease or injury before it occurs.
Public Health _______: Promoting physical and mental health, preventing disease, injury and disability.
Mission
________________: Identifying individuals at risk for developing specific health problems.
Risk Screening
Secondary Prevention: __________________________ of disease to limit disability.
Early detection and treatment
Epidemiology: The ________________________ in populations.
study of disease patterns and risk factors
____________: Any group affected by or influencing a public health issue.
Stakeholder
____________: Systematic monitoring of the health status of a population.
Surveillance
_________ Population: The group identified as the focus for interventions or services.
Target
Tertiary Prevention: __________________ to minimize effects of an existing disease.
Treatment and rehabilitation
Social Determinants of Health: ____________________________ factors influencing health.
Economic, social and environmental
Cultural Competency: The ability to provide care respecting __________________ and differences.
cultural diversity
Primary Prevention: Preventing disease before it occurs, e.g. ___________, health ___________ on lifestyle factors.
Secondary Prevention: Early detection and intervention, e.g. cancer ________, __________for conditions like high blood pressure.
Tertiary Prevention: Treatment and rehabilitation for existing diseases/disabilities to improve function and quality of life, e.g. cardiac _______ after heart attack, _______________ for chronic illnesses.
Primary Prevention: Preventing disease before it occurs, e.g. immunizations, health education on lifestyle factors.
Secondary Prevention: Early detection and intervention, e.g. cancer screening, testing for conditions like high blood pressure.
Tertiary Prevention: Treatment and rehabilitation for existing diseases/disabilities to improve function and quality of life, e.g. cardiac rehab after heart attack, support groups for chronic illnesses.
The core functions of public health are:
___________- Monitoring the health status of communities to identify potential health problems.
___________ - Promoting laws and regulations that protect health and ensure access to health services.
___________- Ensuring all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective health services, including health promotion programs.
Assessment - Monitoring the health status of communities to identify potential health problems.
Policy Development - Promoting laws and regulations that protect health and ensure access to health services.
Assurance - Ensuring all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective health services, including health promotion programs.
Upstream thinking involves:
- Focusing on ____________ rather than just treating illness
- Addressing _________________ like poverty, poor education, unhealthy environments
- Tackling the larger social, economic, and political determinants of health
- Implementing ____________-wide interventions to promote well-being
- Stopping populations from “falling into the river” of disease in the first place
- Focusing on prevention rather than just treating illness
- Addressing root societal causes like poverty, poor education, unhealthy environments
- Tackling the larger social, economic, and political determinants of health
- Implementing community-wide interventions to promote well-being
- Stopping populations from “falling into the river” of disease in the first place
PH interventions wheel
Which statement about the Intervention Wheel is true?
a. It provides a graphic illustration of population-based public health practice.
b. It describes in detail the components of public health nursing.
c. It demonstrates the practice of community health nurses for policy and lawmakers.
d. It is a framework used by all health departments in the United States.
ANS: A It provides a graphic illustration of population-based public health practice.
The Intervention Wheel provides a graphic illustration that gives public health nurses (PHNs) a means to describe the full scope and breadth of their practice. The Wheel was derived from the practice of PHNs and intended to support their work. It gives PHNs a means to describe the full scope and breadth of their practice. It serves as a model for practice in many state and local health departments, but not all.
What is the purpose of the color-coded wedges on the Intervention Wheel?
Each wedge consists of _______________________.
related interventions
The three levels of intervention in community health nursing practice are:
- Individual/Family - __________ care for individuals and families within a population.
- Community - Interventions targeting the entire __________ or ___________.
- Systems - Influencing __________, regulations, or systems impacting population health.
- Individual/Family - Personalized care for individuals and families within a population.
- Community - Interventions targeting the entire community or population.
- Systems - Influencing policies, regulations, or systems impacting population health.
Levels of prevention:
- Primary prevention aims to prevent disease/injury before it occurs through health promotion and protection.
- Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of disease.
- Tertiary prevention aims to limit disability and complications from existing conditions.
Levels of care:
- Primary care is the _____________ like clinics and physician offices.
- Secondary care involves __________ services like hospitals for acute care needs.
- Tertiary care provides __________, specialized treatment at facilities like trauma centers.
- Primary care is the first point of contact, like clinics and physician offices.
- Secondary care involves specialized services like hospitals for acute care needs.
- Tertiary care provides advanced, specialized treatment at facilities like trauma centers.
Relationship between income and health
- Lower income linked to _______ health, higher ________ rates
- Poverty impacts social determinants like housing, education, environment
- Higher income enables better living conditions, healthcare access, healthy choices
- Addressing income inequality crucial for improving population health
- Lower income linked to poorer health, higher disease rates
- Poverty impacts social determinants like housing, education, environment
- Higher income enables better living conditions, healthcare access, healthy choices
- Addressing income inequality crucial for improving population health
Social determinants of health are conditions like economic stability, education access, healthcare access, neighborhood environment, and social context that shape health outcomes.
Examples: income level, job opportunities, housing quality, discrimination, community support systems.
Social determinants of health are conditions like economic stability, education access, healthcare access, neighborhood environment, and social context that shape health outcomes.
Examples: income level, job opportunities, housing quality, discrimination, community support systems.
Microscopic vs. Macroscopic approach to health
- Microscopic approach focuses on ________ patient care
- Macroscopic approach examines _________ societal, environmental factors
- Macroscopic view allows addressing __________ issues impacting population health
- Microscopic approach focuses on individual patient care
- Macroscopic approach examines broader societal, environmental factors
- Macroscopic view allows addressing systemic issues impacting population health
how Public Health is at odds with U.S. healthcare delivery system, Market justice vs. Social justice
- Market justice model ties healthcare access to individual’s ability to pay
- Social justice model calls for collective efforts to ensure equal access for all
- Public health’s social justice approach conflicts with U.S. healthcare’s market-driven model
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) describes five stages individuals go through when modifying behavior:
- Precontemplation - Not intending to ____________
- Contemplation - _________ a behavior change
- Preparation - Making ______ to change behavior
- Action - Actively ___________ behavior
- Maintenance - ____________ the behavior change long-term
The model recognizes change as a process rather than an event. Individuals progress through stages at varying rates. Healthcare providers can use stage-matched interventions to facilitate desired behavior changes in patients.
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) describes five stages individuals go through when modifying behavior:
- Precontemplation - Not intending to change behavior
- Contemplation - Considering a behavior change
- Preparation - Making plans to change behavior
- Action - Actively modifying behavior
- Maintenance - Sustaining the behavior change long-term
The model recognizes change as a process rather than an event. Individuals progress through stages at varying rates. Healthcare providers can use stage-matched interventions to facilitate desired behavior changes in patients.
The “community as a client” concept views the entire community or population as the recipient of nursing care, rather than just individual patients.
The focus is on promoting health for _______________
the collective group.
A windshield survey is a technique to systematically observe and collect data about a community’s health resources, risks, and socioeconomic conditions by _______________________________________________
driving or walking through its neighborhoods.
Concepts of risk (modifiable and non-modifiable) and risk reduction
Risk factors can be categorized as modifiable or non-modifiable.
Modifiable risk factors are behaviors or exposures that can be ________ to reduce disease risk, such as smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, and alcohol/drug use.
Non-modifiable risks are factors outside individual _________ like age, gender, and genetic predisposition.
Risk reduction involves addressing modifiable risks through lifestyle ______, __________treatment, and avoiding __________ exposures to lower the probability of developing certain diseases or conditions.
Concepts of risk (modifiable and non-modifiable) and risk reduction
Risk factors can be categorized as modifiable or non-modifiable.
Modifiable risk factors are behaviors or exposures that can be changed to reduce disease risk, such as smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, and alcohol/drug use.
Non-modifiable risks are factors outside individual control like age, gender, and genetic predisposition.
Risk reduction involves addressing modifiable risks through lifestyle changes, medical treatment, and avoiding harmful exposures to lower the probability of developing certain diseases or conditions.
The web of causation model depicts how multiple genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors can intersect and contribute to the development of diseases, rather than ___________
The web of causation model depicts how multiple genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors can intersect and contribute to the development of diseases, rather than a single cause
Cultural competency requires _____________ of one’s biases and openness to understanding diverse beliefs and practices.
Racial prejudice, involving _________ _________ based on race/ethnicity, undermines cultural competence and equitable care in community health settings.
Cultural competency requires self-awareness of one’s biases and openness to understanding diverse beliefs and practices.
Racial prejudice, involving negative attitudes based on race/ethnicity, undermines cultural competence and equitable care in community health settings.
________ listening involves focusing solely on the patient, minimizing distractions, using open body language and eye contact, reflecting back their words and feelings, and encouraging them to continue speaking. It builds trust, enhances understanding, and empowers patients in problem-solving.
Active
spirituality refers to an individual’s ___________________ that provide meaning, purpose, and connectedness in life. Assessing and respecting patients’ spiritual needs is vital for holistic, culturally competent care.
personal beliefs and practices
Understanding a community’s cultural beliefs, values, and practices is essential for providing culturally competent care.
Culture influences __________ of health and illness, health behaviors, communication styles, and decision-making processes.
Nurses must respect cultural diversity, assess each patient’s cultural context, and tailor care approaches accordingly.
Culturally congruent care enhances ______, improves health ________, and empowers communities to actively participate in their well-being.
Understanding a community’s cultural beliefs, values, and practices is essential for providing culturally competent care.
Culture influences perceptions of health and illness, health behaviors, communication styles, and decision-making processes.
Nurses must respect cultural diversity, assess each patient’s cultural context, and tailor care approaches accordingly.
Culturally congruent care enhances trust, improves health outcomes, and empowers communities to actively participate in their well-being.
Effective positive conflict management strategies include:
- Active listening to understand all perspectives
- Separating people from the problem through depersonalization
- Focusing on shared interests and finding mutually beneficial solutions
- Communicating openly, honestly, and respectfully
- Compromising when appropriate to reach a resolution
- Involving a neutral third party mediator if needed
- Addressing conflicts promptly before they escalate
- Promoting a culture of trust, empathy, and collaboration
The goal is to manage conflicts constructively, enhance team cohesion, and improve outcomes for all involved.
Effective positive conflict management strategies include:
- Active listening to understand all perspectives
- Separating people from the problem through depersonalization
- Focusing on shared interests and finding mutually beneficial solutions
- Communicating openly, honestly, and respectfully
- Compromising when appropriate to reach a resolution
- Involving a neutral third party mediator if needed
- Addressing conflicts promptly before they escalate
- Promoting a culture of trust, empathy, and collaboration
The goal is to manage conflicts constructively, enhance team cohesion, and improve outcomes for all involved.
Quantitative data refers to ___________information that can be measured and analyzed statistically, such as rates, percentages, and counts.
Qualitative data involves non-numerical information _________ attributes, characteristics, or experiences, often gathered through interviews, observations, or open-ended surveys.
Quantitative data refers to numerical information that can be measured and analyzed statistically, such as rates, percentages, and counts.
Qualitative data involves non-numerical information describing attributes, characteristics, or experiences, often gathered through interviews, observations, or open-ended surveys.
Establishing community partnerships involves actively engaging members, building trust through open communication, collaborating to identify shared goals and priorities, respecting diverse perspectives, facilitating inclusive participation, and empowering communities to take ownership of health initiatives through equitable decision-making processes.
Establishing community partnerships involves actively engaging members, building trust through open communication, collaborating to identify shared goals and priorities, respecting diverse perspectives, facilitating inclusive participation, and empowering communities to take ownership of health initiatives through equitable decision-making processes.
Skills/Strategies used in advocacy in CH
- Building coalitions with diverse community stakeholders
- Providing educational forums to raise awareness
- Facilitating community needs assessments
- Disseminating research findings
- Lobbying for legislative changes promoting community health
- Participatory action research with community collaboration
- Fostering open communication and broad participation
- Leveraging existing community structures like health departments
- Building coalitions with diverse community stakeholders
- Providing educational forums to raise awareness
- Facilitating community needs assessments
- Disseminating research findings
- Lobbying for legislative changes promoting community health
- Participatory action research with community collaboration
- Fostering open communication and broad participation
- Leveraging existing community structures like health departments
Model of Health Education Empowerment:
- Multilevel examination of health inequalities
- Shifting power to community for health priorities
- Cross-sector collaboration (community, academics, clinicians, agencies)
- Aligning science with community needs and sociopolitical/environmental factors
- Empowering citizens through participatory health promotion processes
- Multilevel examination of health inequalities
- Shifting power to community for health priorities
- Cross-sector collaboration (community, academics, clinicians, agencies)
- Aligning science with community needs and sociopolitical/environmental factors
- Empowering citizens through participatory health promotion processes
Community Nurse Role in Health Promotion and Health Teaching
- Conducting community health needs assessments
- Developing culturally-tailored health education programs
- Teaching self-care strategies for prevention and disease management
- Providing anticipatory guidance on healthy lifestyles
- Facilitating community support groups and resources
- Advocating for policies improving community health outcomes
- Conducting community health needs assessments
- Developing culturally-tailored health education programs
- Teaching self-care strategies for prevention and disease management
- Providing anticipatory guidance on healthy lifestyles
- Facilitating community support groups and resources
- Advocating for policies improving community health outcomes
Epidemiology in Public Health:
Identifies disease risk factors & causes
Analyzes health patterns & trends
Monitors disease outbreaks & threats
Evaluates interventions & policies
Guides resource allocation & prevention strategies
Supports evidence-based public health decisions
Identifies disease risk factors & causes
Analyzes health patterns & trends
Monitors disease outbreaks & threats
Evaluates interventions & policies
Guides resource allocation & prevention strategies
Supports evidence-based public health decisions
The chain of infection is a model that illustrates the sequence of events required for the spread of infectious diseases. It consists of:
1) __________: The pathogen capable of causing disease.
2) __________: The place where the agent can grow and multiply.
3) __________: The path by which the agent leaves the reservoir.
4) __________: The way the agent travels between hosts.
5) __________: The path by which the agent enters a new host.
6) __________: A person who can be infected by the agent.
Breaking any link in this chain can prevent the transmission of infection. Understanding the chain guides infection control practices and public health interventions.
The chain of infection is a model that illustrates the sequence of events required for the spread of infectious diseases. It consists of:
1) Infectious agent: The pathogen capable of causing disease.
2) Reservoir: The place where the agent can grow and multiply.
3) Portal of exit: The path by which the agent leaves the reservoir.
4) Mode of transmission: The way the agent travels between hosts.
5) Portal of entry: The path by which the agent enters a new host.
6) Susceptible host: A person who can be infected by the agent.
Breaking any link in this chain can prevent the transmission of infection. Understanding the chain guides infection control practices and public health interventions.
The epidemiological triad consists of three key components:
1) The ______ - The causative microorganism or pathogen capable of causing disease.
2) The ______ - The human or animal harboring the agent and capable of becoming ill. Host factors like age, immunity, and genetics influence susceptibility.
3) The ___________ - The external conditions and surroundings that allow for transmission of the agent between hosts.
Analyzing the interplay between these three elements helps identify risk factors, modes of transmission, and opportunities for prevention and control of diseases in populations.
The epidemiological triad consists of three key components:
1) The agent - The causative microorganism or pathogen capable of causing disease.
2) The host - The human or animal harboring the agent and capable of becoming ill. Host factors like age, immunity, and genetics influence susceptibility.
3) The environment - The external conditions and surroundings that allow for transmission of the agent between hosts.
Analyzing the interplay between these three elements helps identify risk factors, modes of transmission, and opportunities for prevention and control of diseases in populations.
