Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
▪The Danger of a Single Story
Growing up, Adichie read mostly British and American books, shaping her idea of stories.
Discovering African literature helped her see herself in stories.
A single narrative about a group reinforces stereotypes and limits understanding.
As a child, she viewed her houseboy’s family only through the lens of poverty.
Her American roommate assumed she was ___________ due to limited stories about Africa.
Western literature has long portrayed Africa as primitive, shaping global perceptions.
She realized she had a biased view of _________, seeing them only as undocumented immigrants.
Those in ________ control narratives, influencing how groups are perceived.
____________ are incomplete, reducing people to a single aspect of their identity.
Diverse _____________ are essential for a fuller understanding of people and places.
Growing up, Adichie read mostly British and American books, shaping her idea of stories.
Discovering African literature helped her see herself in stories.
A single narrative about a group reinforces stereotypes and limits understanding.
As a child, she viewed her houseboy’s family only through the lens of poverty.
Her American roommate assumed she was uneducated due to limited stories about Africa.
Western literature has long portrayed Africa as primitive, shaping global perceptions.
She realized she had a biased view of Mexicans, seeing them only as undocumented immigrants.
Those in power control narratives, influencing how groups are perceived.
Stereotypes are incomplete, reducing people to a single aspect of their identity.
Diverse perspectives are essential for a fuller understanding of people and places.
▪Becoming a Culturally Competent Nurse
Cultural competency exists on a continuum from cultural __________ (openness to learning) to full integration of cultural differences. Nurses must actively listen and recognize patients as ________ in their own experiences. Cultural humility, introduced in 1998, emphasizes respect, adaptability, and continuous learning.
In practice, cultural awareness impacts patient care. One example involved a Muslim family in the ICU repeatedly rearranging a dying patient’s bed to face west, a religious practice. Nurses initially resisted but later accommodated the request, improving patient and family comfort. Another case involved a lesbian couple in labor and delivery, where staff unfamiliarity led to hesitation. Treating them like any other couple resulted in a positive experience, highlighting the importance of acceptance.
Community health nurses will encounter diverse cultural needs and must adapt quickly. Common challenges include caring for HIV-positive patients, transgender individuals, and those with addiction. The key is to focus on improving patient _________ rather than personal biases. Reflecting on one’s position in the cultural competency ___________ helps identify areas for growth and better patient-centered care.
Cultural competency exists on a continuum from cultural humility (openness to learning) to full integration of cultural differences. Nurses must actively listen and recognize patients as experts in their own experiences. Cultural humility, introduced in 1998, emphasizes respect, adaptability, and continuous learning.
In practice, cultural awareness impacts patient care. One example involved a Muslim family in the ICU repeatedly rearranging a dying patient’s bed to face west, a religious practice. Nurses initially resisted but later accommodated the request, improving patient and family comfort. Another case involved a lesbian couple in labor and delivery, where staff unfamiliarity led to hesitation. Treating them like any other couple resulted in a positive experience, highlighting the importance of acceptance.
Community health nurses will encounter diverse cultural needs and must adapt quickly. Common challenges include caring for HIV-positive patients, transgender individuals, and those with addiction. The key is to focus on improving patient outcomes rather than personal biases. Reflecting on one’s position in the cultural competency continuum helps identify areas for growth and better patient-centered care.
Upstream Public Health focuses on addressing the _______________ of health issues, such as social, economic, and environmental factors (e.g., poverty, education, and housing). It aims to ________ health problems by creating healthier environments and promoting health equity, rather than just treating symptoms. This approach leads to long-term improvements in community health outcomes.
Upstream Public Health focuses on addressing the root causes of health issues, such as social, economic, and environmental factors (e.g., poverty, education, and housing). It aims to prevent health problems by creating healthier environments and promoting health equity, rather than just treating symptoms. This approach leads to long-term improvements in community health outcomes.
Ten Steps in Information Collecting ***
- Agree on the value and _________ of the information.
- Determine ________ you want to use this data.
- Determine exactly ______ you want to know.
- Determine ______ will find the information.
- Identify possible ________ of information.
- Set limits as to __________ information you want to collect.
- Collect the ______.
- Identify _____ in your knowledge.
- _______the process to try to fill those gaps – or collect your own data.
- If possible, you might want to ________ data for your community with that of other communities, or that of the nation as a whole or to trend out your own community’s data over time.
- Agree on the value and purpose of the information.
- Determine when you want to use this data.
- Determine exactly what you want to know.
- Determine who will find the information.
- Identify possible sources of information.
- Set limits as to how much information you want to collect.
- Collect the data.
- Identify gaps in your knowledge.
- Redo the process to try to fill those gaps – or collect your own data.
- If possible, you might want to compare data for your community with that of other communities, or that of the nation as a whole or to trend out your own community’s data over time.
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Used to understand the community’s perspective
Interview key community informants
Use community forums, focus groups, or surveys
12 steps in a Needs Assessment
Used to understand the community’s perspective
Interview key community informants
Use community forums, focus groups, or surveys
12 steps in a Needs Assessment
*** 12 steps in a Needs Assessment
- Identify _________ for assessment
- Engage the community in _________ the assessment
- Identify required _________
- Select method of _________
- Develop _________ or interview questions
- Develop procedures for data _________
- _________ data collectors
- Arrange for a _________ representative of the aggregate
- Conduct __________________
- Tabulate and _________data
- Identify _________suggested by data
- Develop an _________
- Identify aggregate for assessment
- Engage the community in planning the assessment
- Identify required information
- Select method of data gathering
- Develop questionnaires or interview questions
- Develop procedures for data collection
- Train data collectors
- Arrange for a sample representative of the aggregate
- Conduct needs assessment
- Tabulate and analyze data
- Identify needs suggested by data
- Develop an action plan
Video: Nurses change lives
Nurses have historically transformed healthcare through innovation. During the Crimean War, they introduced sanitation practices to prevent infection. In polio care, they promoted movement therapy over immobilization. In the 1950s, they used sunlight to treat jaundice in infants. During the AIDS crisis, nurses embraced patients with compassion despite isolation practices. In the Ebola outbreak, they used improvised protective gear to care for patients. Nurses also helped give voices to patients with cerebral palsy, showcasing their ability to challenge conventions and improve care.
Nurses have historically transformed healthcare through innovation. During the Crimean War, they introduced sanitation practices to prevent infection. In polio care, they promoted movement therapy over immobilization. In the 1950s, they used sunlight to treat jaundice in infants. During the AIDS crisis, nurses embraced patients with compassion despite isolation practices. In the Ebola outbreak, they used improvised protective gear to care for patients. Nurses also helped give voices to patients with cerebral palsy, showcasing their ability to challenge conventions and improve care.
▪Black Lives Matter Video
The speaker discusses the social unrest and riots, highlighting the different groups involved: protesters, rioters, and looters.
They argue that while the actions of looters are often criticized, the focus should be on understanding ____ they loot—stemming from economic inequality, historical exploitation, and a sense of hopelessness. The speaker explains that black people were brought to America for labor, and their economic opportunities were systematically blocked.
They use the metaphor of a rigged game of Monopoly to illustrate how black people were denied wealth and _________. The speaker stresses that the “social contract” is broken when authorities continue to kill marginalized people, and black people are seeking ________, not revenge.
The speaker discusses the social unrest and riots, highlighting the different groups involved: protesters, rioters, and looters.
They argue that while the actions of looters are often criticized, the focus should be on understanding why they loot—stemming from economic inequality, historical exploitation, and a sense of hopelessness. The speaker explains that black people were brought to America for labor, and their economic opportunities were systematically blocked.
They use the metaphor of a rigged game of Monopoly to illustrate how black people were denied wealth and opportunities. The speaker stresses that the “social contract” is broken when authorities continue to kill marginalized people, and black people are seeking equality, not revenge.
*** Core public health functions
________________ - monitors/ provides health status to identify & solve community health problems
________________ - inform, educate, empower people through learning about their health issues
________________ - enforce laws & regulations that protect health / safety
Assessment
Policy development
Assurance
▪Three Levels of Prevention
Primary prevention
* _______ of problems before they occur
* Health promotion and health protection
Secondary prevention
* Early ________ and intervention
* Early _________ and treatment
Tertiary prevention
* Correction and prevention of ___________ of a disease state
* Limitation of disability and rehabilitation
Primary prevention
* Prevention of problems before they occur
* Health promotion and health protection
Secondary prevention
* Early detection and intervention
* Early diagnosis and treatment
Tertiary prevention
* Correction and prevention of deterioration of a disease state
* Limitation of disability and rehabilitation
▪Examples of Social Determinants of Health
conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.
Examples:
income
education
employment
housing
early childhood development
culture
gender
social support
▪Overarching Factors of SD
_______ inequality
______ connectedness
Sense of _______
Economic inequality
Social connectedness
Sense of efficacy
Understand Reasons WHY to address SD
If you want to solve or prevent a problem for the long term, you have to deal with its root causes > you’re more likely to successfully address the issue for the short term as well.
The social factors involved may have more resonance for those affected than the issue itself.
It may be easier to approach an issue through its underlying social factors than to deal with it directly.
Addressing the social determinants of community issues is crucial to understanding them fully, so that your strategy and tactics for dealing with them correspond to reality.
Addressing social determinants presents a tremendous opportunity for learning and community leadership development.
If you want to solve or prevent a problem for the long term, you have to deal with its root causes > you’re more likely to successfully address the issue for the short term as well.
The social factors involved may have more resonance for those affected than the issue itself.
It may be easier to approach an issue through its underlying social factors than to deal with it directly.
Addressing the social determinants of community issues is crucial to understanding them fully, so that your strategy and tactics for dealing with them correspond to reality.
Addressing social determinants presents a tremendous opportunity for learning and community leadership development.
▪WHO should address SD
Those affected by the issues (the targets of change).
Those who can have an effect on the issues (the agents of change).
Staff members from organizations that work directly with the target population and/or the issue.
Respected community leaders and citizens.
Those who will be asked to change, sacrifice, or take action in order to address the issue.
Anyone else who has a stake in the issue.
Those affected by the issues (the targets of change).
Those who can have an effect on the issues (the agents of change).
Staff members from organizations that work directly with the target population and/or the issue.
Respected community leaders and citizens.
Those who will be asked to change, sacrifice, or take action in order to address the issue.
Anyone else who has a stake in the issue.
▪WHEN to address SD
When it’s clear that simply focusing on the issue isn’t enough.
When you’re advocating for changes in laws, policies, or funding.
When you’re seeking fundamental change.
When you’re seeking a long-term solution to a long-term problem.
When it’s clear that simply focusing on the issue isn’t enough.
When you’re advocating for changes in laws, policies, or funding.
When you’re seeking fundamental change.
When you’re seeking a long-term solution to a long-term problem.
▪Understand Basic Principle in Addressing SD
People most affected should choose the issues and plan strategies for the work.
True change in social determinants demands comprehensive interventions that address multiple and interrelated factors at multiple levels.
Collaborative efforts should aim at bringing about change in multiple sectors and systems.
Support organizations should build capacity in the community to control its own fate.
Health and development efforts should involve collaborative Partners as catalysts for change.
Strategies should be self-sufficient and sustainable over the long term.
Efforts should be aimed at goals that can be accomplished by the people in question with the resources at hand.
Successes should be consolidated and maintained, so that new and greater challenges can be taken on.
Efforts should continue indefinitely.
People most affected should choose the issues and plan strategies for the work.
True change in social determinants demands comprehensive interventions that address multiple and interrelated factors at multiple levels.
Collaborative efforts should aim at bringing about change in multiple sectors and systems.
Support organizations should build capacity in the community to control its own fate.
Health and development efforts should involve collaborative Partners as catalysts for change.
Strategies should be self-sufficient and sustainable over the long term.
Efforts should be aimed at goals that can be accomplished by the people in question with the resources at hand.
Successes should be consolidated and maintained, so that new and greater challenges can be taken on.
Efforts should continue indefinitely.
▪Understand Community Empowerment
Community members take on greater power to create _______.
Based on community cultural _________ and assets
Community is an engine of health promotion and a vehicle for empowerment.
Need to think upstream
Community members take on greater power to create change.
Based on community cultural strengths and assets
Community is an engine of health promotion and a vehicle for empowerment.
Need to think upstream
▪Know and Understand Framework of Developing Health Communication
Stage I: Planning and strategy selection
* Foundation for a communication program’s process
* Sets the stage for creating salient communication
Stage II: Developing and pretesting concepts, messages, and materials
o Produce effective and relevant materials
o Select appropriate communication channels
Stage III: Implementing the program
o Introduce the health education message and program to the intended audience
o Review and revise necessary components
Stage IV: Assessing the effectiveness and making refinements
A. Evaluate outcome to determine whether or not changes in knowledge or behavior occurred
▪Be familiar with tips in effecting teaching
Assess reading skills
Determine what client needs to know
Identify motivating factors
Stick with essentials
Set realistic goals and objectives
Use clear and concise language
Develop a glossary of common words
Space teaching over time
Personalize health messages
Incorporate methods of illustration, demonstration, and real-life examples
Give and get
*Summarize often
*Be creative
*Use appropriate resources and materials
*Praise patients
*Be encouraging
*Allow time for questions
*Employ teach-back methods
*Remember that comprehension and understanding take time and practice
*Conduct learner verification
*Evaluate the teaching plan
Assess reading skills
Determine what client needs to know
Identify motivating factors
Stick with essentials
Set realistic goals and objectives
Use clear and concise language
Develop a glossary of common words
Space teaching over time
Personalize health messages
Incorporate methods of illustration, demonstration, and real-life examples
Give and get
*Summarize often
*Be creative
*Use appropriate resources and materials
*Praise patients
*Be encouraging
*Allow time for questions
*Employ teach-back methods
*Remember that comprehension and understanding take time and practice
*Conduct learner verification
*Evaluate the teaching plan
▪Distinguish Modifiable vs. Non-Modifiable Risk
Modifiable Risk Factors
* Diet
* Activity
* Lifestyle
* Substance abuse
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
* Hereditary and ________ factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
* Diet
* Activity
* Lifestyle
* Substance abuse
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
* Hereditary and Genetic factors
▪Windshield Survey
Informal survey where health professional ___________ the community/area they are researching and records observations.
-essential to know a specific community, identify health-related resources that may be helpful to members, and learn about gaps in services.
-Conducted from car & provides visual overview of a community. Conditions and trends in the community that could affect the health of the population are noted. This data provides background and context for working in the community or for conducting a community assessment
Informal survey where health professional drives around the community/area they are researching and records observations.
-essential to know a specific community, identify health-related resources that may be helpful to members, and learn about gaps in services.
-Conducted from car & provides visual overview of a community. Conditions and trends in the community that could affect the health of the population are noted. This data provides background and context for working in the community or for conducting a community assessment
Culture is a strong part of people’s lives. It influences their views, their values, their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears.
Culture is a strong part of people’s lives. It influences their views, their values, their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears.
▪Understand Cultural Competence
-understanding & appropriately responding to unique combo of cultural variables & the full range of dimensions of diversity that the professional and client/patient/family bring to interactions.
-understanding & appropriately responding to unique combo of cultural variables & the full range of dimensions of diversity that the professional and client/patient/family bring to interactions.
▪Continuum of Cultural Competency
Developing cultural competence is a dynamic and complex process requiring __________________________ and continuous expansion of one’s cultural knowledge.
It evolves over time, beginning with an understanding of one’s own culture, continuing through interactions with individuals from various cultures, and extending through one’s own lifelong learning
on-going self-assessment
▪Understand ways to reduce racial prejudice’
1 Learn about your community.
2 Document activities of racism.
3 Understand the depth of the problem.
4 Identify policies that need to be challenged.
5 Determine short-term and long-term goals.
6 Consider existing and needed resources.
7 Consider how much time you have.
8 Review strategies.
1 Learn about your community.
2 Document activities of racism.
3 Understand the depth of the problem.
4 Identify policies that need to be challenged.
5 Determine short-term and long-term goals.
6 Consider existing and needed resources.
7 Consider how much time you have.
8 Review strategies.
▪Importance of Spirituality in Building Community
We believe that certain personal qualities of the change agent or actor – what we call here spiritual assets – can lead to more effective community building and community life in general
- Why might this be so?
- Appreciation (Gratitude)
- Tolerance and Acceptance
We believe that certain personal qualities of the change agent or actor – what we call here spiritual assets – can lead to more effective community building and community life in general
- Why might this be so?
- Appreciation (Gratitude)
- Tolerance and Acceptance
▪Understand Focus-group technique
small group discussion guided by a trained leader, used to learn more about opinions on a designated topic, and then guide future action.
Review the group’s purpose and goals.
Explain how the meeting will proceed and how members can contribute.
Set the tone by asking an opening question and making sure all opinions on that question are heard.
Ask further questions in the same general manner.
When all your questions have been asked, ask if anyone has any other comments to make.
Tell the group about any next steps that will occur and what they can expect to happen now.
Thank the group for coming!
small group discussion guided by a trained leader, used to learn more about opinions on a designated topic, and then guide future action.
Review the group’s purpose and goals.
Explain how the meeting will proceed and how members can contribute.
Set the tone by asking an opening question and making sure all opinions on that question are heard.
Ask further questions in the same general manner.
When all your questions have been asked, ask if anyone has any other comments to make.
Tell the group about any next steps that will occur and what they can expect to happen now.
Thank the group for coming!
▪Why analyze Community Problem
To identify the problem or issue.
To understand what’s at the heart of a problem.
To determine barriers and resources associated with addressing the problem.
To develop the best action steps for addressing the problem.
To identify the problem or issue.
To understand what’s at the heart of a problem.
To determine barriers and resources associated with addressing the problem.
To develop the best action steps for addressing the problem.
▪When to analyze Community Problem
When the problem isn’t defined very clearly.
When little is known about the problem or its possible consequences.
When you want to find the causes that may improve the chance of successfully addressing the problem.
When people are jumping to “solutions” much too soon.
When you need to identify actions to address the problem and learn what persons or groups could best collaborate in acting.
When the problem isn’t defined very clearly.
When little is known about the problem or its possible consequences.
When you want to find the causes that may improve the chance of successfully addressing the problem.
When people are jumping to “solutions” much too soon.
When you need to identify actions to address the problem and learn what persons or groups could best collaborate in acting.
▪Understand the Criteria for Judging the best solution
Cost
Time
People
Obstacles
Impact
Side consequences, or spin-offs, or unanticipated effects
Community preference
The likelihood of success
Cost
Time
People
Obstacles
Impact
Side consequences, or spin-offs, or unanticipated effects
Community preference
The likelihood of success
▪Principles of Community Partnership
Principle #1 Partners have agreed upon a mission, values, goals, and measurable outcomes for the partnership.
Principle #2 The relationship between partners is characterized by mutual trust, respect, genuineness, and commitment.
Principle #3 The partnership builds upon identified strengths and assets, but also addresses areas that need improvement.
Principle #4 The partnership balances the power among partners and enables resources among partners to be shared.
Principle #1 Partners have agreed upon a mission, values, goals, and measurable outcomes for the partnership.
Principle #2 The relationship between partners is characterized by mutual trust, respect, genuineness, and commitment.
Principle #3 The partnership builds upon identified strengths and assets, but also addresses areas that need improvement.
Principle #4 The partnership balances the power among partners and enables resources among partners to be shared.
▪Principles of Community Partnership cont.
Principle #5 There is a clear, open, and accessible communication between partners, making it an ongoing priority to listen to each need, develop a common language,
and validate/clarity the meaning of terms.
Principle #6 Roles, Norms, and processes for the partnership are established with the input and agreement of all partners.
Principle #7 Partners share the credit for the partnership’s accomplishment
Principle #8 Partnerships take time to develop and evolve over time
Principle #5 There is a clear, open, and accessible communication between partners, making it an ongoing priority to listen to each need, develop a common language,
and validate/clarity the meaning of terms.
Principle #6 Roles, Norms, and processes for the partnership are established with the input and agreement of all partners.
Principle #7 Partners share the credit for the partnership’s accomplishment
Principle #8 Partnerships take time to develop and evolve over time
- Social Capital - is all about ___________________ ; reaching out and developing the connections and networks between individual people, groups, and organizations that can work together to increase the potential and well-being of one another.
building relationship
- ________ - Social capital reinforces ties between individuals or groups who share a common identity or values.
Bonding
- _________ - social capital creates a “bridge” between diverse group of people, spanning perceived differences (e.g. geographic, socio-economic, racial, and ethnic).
Bridging
*_____________- are people who invest in a community, including residents, neighborhood associations, community-based organizations, city departments, churches, schools, and small business owners.
Stakeholders
*_____________- is a distinct geographic boundaries or areas that represent a community.
Neighborhood
▪Interview Tips
Start with small talk.
Explain your motives.
Ask for a definition of the community.
Follow up on leads and go on to subjects and areas you haven’t reached yet.
Ask who else you should talk to.
Let interviewee end the interview.
Thank interviewee for his/her time.
Start with small talk.
Explain your motives.
Ask for a definition of the community.
Follow up on leads and go on to subjects and areas you haven’t reached yet.
Ask who else you should talk to.
Let interviewee end the interview.
Thank interviewee for his/her time.
▪Gaining an Understanding of Your Community
1 Gather basic tools.
2 Drive through the area.
3 Adjust boundaries.
4 Review area with a list of things to watch for.
5 Contact and interview key individuals in the community.
6 Visit local hangouts.
7 Work with a partner.
1 Gather basic tools.
2 Drive through the area.
3 Adjust boundaries.
4 Review area with a list of things to watch for.
5 Contact and interview key individuals in the community.
6 Visit local hangouts.
7 Work with a partner.
▪Understand Interview Technique
Practice
Small-talk
Be natural
Look sharp
Listen
Keep your goals in mind
Don’t take “yes/no”
Respect
Practice
Small-talk
Be natural
Look sharp
Listen
Keep your goals in mind
Don’t take “yes/no”
Respect
▪Understand Community Nurses Roles
- Caregiver - Providing direct nursing care and promoting self-care in community settings.
- Change agent - Identifying problems and implementing new approaches to improve community health.
- Collaborator - Working with patients, families, and teams to develop care plans.
- Population focus - Concentrating efforts on promoting health for entire communities.
- Caregiver - Providing direct nursing care and promoting self-care in community settings.
- Change agent - Identifying problems and implementing new approaches to improve community health.
- Collaborator - Working with patients, families, and teams to develop care plans.
- Population focus - Concentrating efforts on promoting health for entire communities.
___________ Learning Theory: Emphasizes understanding the whole person, their experiences, and creating an environment that supports self-actualization and motivation for healthy behaviors.
Humanistic
__________ Learning Theory: Focuses on the mental processes involved in learning new health information and skills, promoting active learning strategies for better understanding.
Cognitive
________ Learning Theory: Proposes that health behaviors are learned by observing others’ actions and outcomes. Modeling desired behaviors and providing reinforcement facilitates adoption of positive health practices.
Social
▪Understand Transtheoretical Model
AKA ________________ model - individuals move through different stages when adopting a new health behavior / making lifestyle changes
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
Community nurses can apply this model by tailoring interventions based on the specific stage an individual or community is in. This model guides nurses in meeting people where they are and providing stage-matched support to facilitate lasting behavior change.
AKA Stages of Change model - individuals move through different stages when adopting a new health behavior / making lifestyle changes
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
Community nurses can apply this model by tailoring interventions based on the specific stage an individual or community is in. This model guides nurses in meeting people where they are and providing stage-matched support to facilitate lasting behavior change.
Adult learners in community settings have unique experiences that shape their learning needs. Their motivation stems from real-life issues. Nurses should leverage prior knowledge, involve them in identifying goals, and apply learning to practical scenarios while respecting self-direction.
Adult learners in community settings have unique experiences that shape their learning needs. Their motivation stems from real-life issues. Nurses should leverage prior knowledge, involve them in identifying goals, and apply learning to practical scenarios while respecting self-direction.
▪Tips in Building a Diverse Community
Build diverse communities through inclusivity, tailored programs, community involvement, culturally-appropriate resources, cross-sector partnerships, and continuous evaluation for equity.
Build diverse communities through inclusivity, tailored programs, community involvement, culturally-appropriate resources, cross-sector partnerships, and continuous evaluation for equity.
▪Importance of Epidemiology
helps identify disease patterns, risk factors, and health trends within populations.
Guides the development of preventive measures, health promotion programs, and allocation of resources to address community needs effectively.
Informs policy decisions and targeted interventions to improve overall community health outcomes.
helps identify disease patterns, risk factors, and health trends within populations.
Guides the development of preventive measures, health promotion programs, and allocation of resources to address community needs effectively.
Informs policy decisions and targeted interventions to improve overall community health outcomes.
▪Application of Epidemiology in Community Health
Monitor disease patterns, identify at-risk groups, track outbreaks, and evaluate health services utilization. They conduct surveillance, screening, and data collection to assess population health needs. Epidemiological data guides planning targeted interventions, allocating resources effectively, and developing policies to improve community health outcomes and access to care.
Monitor disease patterns, identify at-risk groups, track outbreaks, and evaluate health services utilization. They conduct surveillance, screening, and data collection to assess population health needs. Epidemiological data guides planning targeted interventions, allocating resources effectively, and developing policies to improve community health outcomes and access to care.
▪Three factors in disease pattern
agent (infectious organism), the host (human susceptibility), and the environment (conditions surrounding the host).
This is known as the epidemiological triad or triangle.
agent (infectious organism), the host (human susceptibility), and the environment (conditions surrounding the host).
This is known as the epidemiological triad or triangle.
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) describes five stages individuals go through when modifying behavior:
- __________ - Not intending to change behavior
- __________ - Considering a behavior change
- __________ - Making plans to change behavior
- __________ - Actively modifying behavior
- __________ - Sustaining the behavior change long-term
The model recognizes change as a process rather than an event. Individuals progress through stages at varying rates. Healthcare providers can use stage-matched interventions to facilitate desired behavior changes in patients.
- Precontemplation - Not intending to change behavior
- Contemplation - Considering a behavior change
- Preparation - Making plans to change behavior
- Action - Actively modifying behavior
- Maintenance - Sustaining the behavior change long-term
The model recognizes change as a process rather than an event. Individuals progress through stages at varying rates. Healthcare providers can use stage-matched interventions to facilitate desired behavior changes in patients.
Community Nurse Role in Health Promotion and Health Teaching
- Conducting community health needs assessments
- Developing culturally-tailored health education programs
- Teaching self-care strategies for prevention and disease management
- Providing anticipatory guidance on healthy lifestyles
- Facilitating community support groups and resources
- Advocating for policies improving community health outcomes
- Conducting community health needs assessments
- Developing culturally-tailored health education programs
- Teaching self-care strategies for prevention and disease management
- Providing anticipatory guidance on healthy lifestyles
- Facilitating community support groups and resources
- Advocating for policies improving community health outcomes
Endemic refers to the constant ________ of a disease within a population or geographic area at a baseline level.
Epidemic describes a ___________ in cases of a disease, higher than what is normally expected in that population or area.
Pandemic is an epidemic that has spread across ___________________, affecting a large proportion of the global population.
Endemic refers to the constant presence of a disease within a population or geographic area at a baseline level.
Epidemic describes a sudden increase in cases of a disease, higher than what is normally expected in that population or area.
Pandemic is an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or continents, affecting a large proportion of the global population.
The epidemiological triad consists of three key components:
1) The _______- The causative microorganism or pathogen capable of causing disease.
2) The _______ - The human or animal harboring the agent and capable of becoming ill. Host factors like age, immunity, and genetics influence susceptibility.
3) The _______- The external conditions and surroundings that allow for transmission of the agent between hosts.
Analyzing the interplay between these three elements helps identify risk factors, modes of transmission, and opportunities for prevention and control of diseases in populations.
The epidemiological triad consists of three key components:
1) The agent - The causative microorganism or pathogen capable of causing disease.
2) The host - The human or animal harboring the agent and capable of becoming ill. Host factors like age, immunity, and genetics influence susceptibility.
3) The environment - The external conditions and surroundings that allow for transmission of the agent between hosts.
Analyzing the interplay between these three elements helps identify risk factors, modes of transmission, and opportunities for prevention and control of diseases in populations.
▪Understand Stages of Disease
___________: Pathogen is replicating but not yet shedding; no transmission.
___________Period: Begins when the pathogen is shed and can spread, sometimes before symptoms appear.
___________ Period: Time from infection to symptom onset; may overlap with the communicable period.
___________Stage: Early, mild symptoms appear (fatigue, fever); high transmission risk.
___________Stage: Full symptoms develop; disease is at its peak.
___________Stage: Symptoms begin to subside as recovery starts.
___________: Full recovery or transition to chronic infection.
Latent Period (Latency): Pathogen is replicating but not yet shedding; no transmission.
Communicable Period: Begins when the pathogen is shed and can spread, sometimes before symptoms appear.
Incubation Period: Time from infection to symptom onset; may overlap with the communicable period.
Prodromal Stage: Early, mild symptoms appear (fatigue, fever); high transmission risk.
Clinical (Acute) Stage: Full symptoms develop; disease is at its peak.
Decline Stage: Symptoms begin to subside as recovery starts.
Convalescence: Full recovery or transition to chronic infection.
The chain of infection is a model that illustrates the sequence of events required for the spread of infectious diseases. It consists of:
1) __________: The pathogen capable of causing disease.
2) __________: The place where the agent can grow and multiply.
3) __________: The path by which the agent leaves the reservoir.
4) __________: The way the agent travels between hosts.
5) __________: The path by which the agent enters a new host.
6) __________: A person who can be infected by the agent.
Breaking any link in this chain can prevent the transmission of infection. Understanding the chain guides infection control practices and public health interventions.
The chain of infection is a model that illustrates the sequence of events required for the spread of infectious diseases. It consists of:
1) Infectious agent: The pathogen capable of causing disease.
2) Reservoir: The place where the agent can grow and multiply.
3) Portal of exit: The path by which the agent leaves the reservoir.
4) Mode of transmission: The way the agent travels between hosts.
5) Portal of entry: The path by which the agent enters a new host.
6) Susceptible host: A person who can be infected by the agent.
Breaking any link in this chain can prevent the transmission of infection. Understanding the chain guides infection control practices and public health interventions.
Resilience - ability to successfully _________________ from difficult, stressful, or traumatic life experiences. It involves “bouncing back” from adversity and maintaining adequate functioning.
adapt and recover
▪Importance of Community Description
Crucial for understanding its unique characteristics, strengths, and needs. provides insights into the population demographics, socioeconomic factors, physical environment, resources, social networks, and cultural norms.
guides the assessment of health issues, identification of at-risk groups, and development of tailored interventions.
reveal potential barriers, facilitators, and stakeholders to involve in promoting community health.
Allows nurses to design culturally appropriate, effective strategies
Crucial for understanding its unique characteristics, strengths, and needs. provides insights into the population demographics, socioeconomic factors, physical environment, resources, social networks, and cultural norms.
guides the assessment of health issues, identification of at-risk groups, and development of tailored interventions.
reveal potential barriers, facilitators, and stakeholders to involve in promoting community health.
Allows nurses to design culturally appropriate, effective strategies
▪Vital Statistics and Census Data
Vital stats: official registration records of _______, _________, marriages, divorces, and adoptions form the basis of data in vital statistics
o Reported by local and state agencies
o Compiled annually
Vital stats: official registration records of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and adoptions form the basis of data in vital statistics
o Reported by local and state agencies
o Compiled annually
▪Community Assessment Parameters - typically cover areas like health services, education, environment, economic conditions, housing, transportation, recreation, and social support networks.
- typically cover areas like health services, education, environment, economic conditions, housing, transportation, recreation, and social support networks.
▪How to Diagnose a Health Problem -
Increased _____ of (disability, disease, etc.) among (community or __________) related to (etiological statement) as demonstrated in (health indicators).
Increased risk of (disability, disease, etc.) among (community or population) related to (etiological statement) as demonstrated in (health indicators).
EXAMPLES OF COMMUNITY PROBLEMS
* Arson
* Child abuse
* Crime
* Transportation
* Drugs
* Elder care
* Noise
* Jobs
* Overwork
* Poverty
* Sexism
* Safety
* Racism
* Ethnic conflict
* Health
* Housing
* Hunger
* Inequality
* Domestic violence
* Vandalism
* Graffiti
* Teenage pregnancy
* Emergency services
* Schools
- Arson
- Child abuse
- Crime
- Transportation
- Drugs
- Elder care
- Noise
- Jobs
- Overwork
- Poverty
- Sexism
- Safety
- Racism
- Ethnic conflict
- Health
- Housing
- Hunger
- Inequality
- Domestic violence
- Vandalism
- Graffiti
- Teenage pregnancy
- Emergency services
- Schools
▪Understand Survey Technique
carefully designing questions, selecting a representative sample, and using an effective distribution method like mail, online, or in-person. They allow reaching a broad audience but may have low response rates or response bias. Combining surveys with other data sources enhances reliability.
carefully designing questions, selecting a representative sample, and using an effective distribution method like mail, online, or in-person. They allow reaching a broad audience but may have low response rates or response bias. Combining surveys with other data sources enhances reliability.
work-related exposure
Poor working conditions that result in potential _____________
Environmental health problems posed by work related exposures
-Occupational toxic poisoning
-Machine-operation hazards
-Electrical hazards
-Repetitive motion injuries
-Carcinogenic particulate inhalation
-Heavy metal poisoning
Safety Data Sheets
>OSHA requires SDS
Poor working conditions that result in potential injury or illness
Environmental health problems posed by work related exposures
-Occupational toxic poisoning
-Machine-operation hazards
-Electrical hazards
-Repetitive motion injuries
-Carcinogenic particulate inhalation
-Heavy metal poisoning
Safety Data Sheets
>OSHA requires SDS
*** ▪Know Air Quality Index for Ozone
Environmental health - Nursing Actions
Must work with public to promote more stringent and actively enforced environmental legislation and __________.
Must include worldwide along with national environmental policies
-Ozone depletion
-Climate change
-Fossil fuel burning
-Marine dumping abandonment of active land mines in war-torn areas and destruction of tropical rainforests
Must work with public to promote more stringent and actively enforced environmental legislation and regulations.
Must include worldwide along with national environmental policies
-Ozone depletion
-Climate change
-Fossil fuel burning
-Marine dumping abandonment of active land mines in war-torn areas and destruction of tropical rainforests
Critical Community Health Nursing Practice
Approach environmental health at the population level
-Take a stand; advocate for change
-Ask critical questions
-Facilitate community involvement
-Form coalitions
-Use collective strategies
Everything is connected to everything else!
Everything has to go somewhere (incineration, water discharge, landfill)
The solution to pollution is dilution
Today’s solution may be tomorrow’s problem…
Approach environmental health at the population level
-Take a stand; advocate for change
-Ask critical questions
-Facilitate community involvement
-Form coalitions
-Use collective strategies
Everything is connected to everything else!
Everything has to go somewhere (incineration, water discharge, landfill)
The solution to pollution is dilution
Today’s solution may be tomorrow’s problem…
Emerging Issues in Environmental Health
Illegal use of pesticides
Medical waste incineration
Increased incidence of asthma related air pollution
Manufacturing of methamphetamine in home based and mobile laboratories; “cooking process” emits dangerous levels of toxic chemicals into the air.
Natural disasters and climate change affect the entire world.
Illegal use of pesticides
Medical waste incineration
Increased incidence of asthma related air pollution
Manufacturing of methamphetamine in home based and mobile laboratories; “cooking process” emits dangerous levels of toxic chemicals into the air.
Natural disasters and climate change affect the entire world.
Areas of Environmental Health
Field of environmental health divided into
Built environment
Work-related exposures
Outdoor air quality
Healthy homes
Water quality
Food safety
Waste management
Built environment
Work-related exposures
Outdoor air quality
Healthy homes
Water quality
Food safety
Waste management
