Week 2 Flashcards
What are the social determinants of community health and development?
The three overarching factors are:
_________ inequality
________ connectedness
Sense of __________
Economic inequality
Social connectedness
Sense of efficacy
More specific social determinants can include:
Racial and _______ bias.
_______differences.
_______influences.
Politics.
_______conditions.
Geography.
Racial and ethnic bias.
Cultural differences.
Media influences.
Politics.
Living conditions.
Geography.
Why address social determinants of community health and development?
If you want to solve or prevent a problem for the long term, you have to deal with its _____________ > you’re more likely to successfully address the issue for the short term as well.
The social factors involved may have more resonance for those affected than the issue itself.
It may be easier to approach an issue through its underlying ________ factors than to deal with it directly.
Addressing the social determinants of community issues is crucial to understanding them fully, so that your strategy and tactics for dealing with them correspond to reality.
Addressing social determinants presents a tremendous opportunity for learning and community leadership development.
If you want to solve or prevent a problem for the long term, you have to deal with its root causes > you’re more likely to successfully address the issue for the short term as well.
The social factors involved may have more resonance for those affected than the issue itself.
It may be easier to approach an issue through its underlying social factors than to deal with it directly.
Addressing the social determinants of community issues is crucial to understanding them fully, so that your strategy and tactics for dealing with them correspond to reality.
Addressing social determinants presents a tremendous opportunity for learning and community leadership development.
Who should address social determinants of community health and
development?
Those affected by the issues (the targets of change).
Those who can have an effect on the issues (the agents of change).
Staff members from organizations that work directly with the target population and/or the issue.
Respected community leaders and citizens.
Those who will be asked to change, sacrifice, or take action in order to address the issue.
Anyone else who has a stake in the issue.
Those affected by the issues (the targets of change).
Those who can have an effect on the issues (the agents of change).
Staff members from organizations that work directly with the target population and/or the issue.
Respected community leaders and citizens.
Those who will be asked to change, sacrifice, or take action in order to address the issue.
Anyone else who has a stake in the issue.
When should you address social determinants of community health and development?
When it’s clear that simply _________ on the issue isn’t enough.
When you’re advocating for changes in laws, policies, or funding.
When you’re seeking fundamental ________.
When you’re seeking a __________ solution to a long-term problem.
When your focus is on community wellness and prevention.
When it’s clear that simply focusing on the issue isn’t enough.
When you’re advocating for changes in laws, policies, or funding.
When you’re seeking fundamental change.
When you’re seeking a long-term solution to a long-term problem.
When your focus is on community wellness and prevention.
How do you identify social determinants of community health and development?
You assess the __________
You ask _________ who know.
You apply ________ thinking principles to the issue.
You ask the right __________.
You assess the community
You ask people who know.
You apply critical thinking principles to the issue.
You ask the right questions.
How do you address social determinants of health and community development?
You work to address larger social factors through environmental and policy conditions, including:
_________ and skills.
_________ within and between groups.
Modification of access to, barriers to, and opportunities for _________ and services.
Consequences of actions.
Exposure to or protection from _________ .
Policy change.
Knowledge and skills.
Support within and between groups.
Modification of access to, barriers to, and opportunities for resources and services.
Consequences of actions.
Exposure to or protection from hazards.
Policy change.
You’re guided by basic principles:
People _________ affected should choose the issues and plan strategies for the work.
True change in social determinants demands comprehensive interventions that address multiple and interrelated factors at multiple levels.
Collaborative efforts should aim at bringing about change in multiple sectors and systems.
Support organizations should build capacity in the community to control its own _____.
People most affected should choose the issues and plan strategies for the work.
True change in social determinants demands comprehensive interventions that address multiple and interrelated factors at multiple levels.
Collaborative efforts should aim at bringing about change in multiple sectors and systems.
Support organizations should build capacity in the community to control its own fate.
You’re guided by basic principles: CONT.
Health and development efforts should involve_________________ as catalysts for change.
Strategies should be self-sufficient and ___________ over the long term.
Efforts should be aimed at goals that can be ______________ by the people in question with the resources at hand.
Successes should be consolidated and maintained, so that new and greater challenges can be taken on.
__________ should continue indefinitely.
Health and development efforts should involve collaborative Partners as catalysts for change.
Strategies should be self-sufficient and sustainable over the long term.
Efforts should be aimed at goals that can be accomplished by the people in question with the resources at hand.
Successes should be consolidated and maintained, so that new and greater challenges can be taken on.
Efforts should continue indefinitely.
Health Education in the Community is any combination of ___________ experiences designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive to health in individuals, groups, or communities.
Health Education in the Community is any combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive to health in individuals, groups, or communities.
Health Education in the Community
> Goals
o Translate health knowledge into ___________ for health enhancement, disease prevention, and chronic illness management
o Enhance wellness and decrease disability
o Actualize the health ________ of individuals, families, communities, and society
o Influence individuals within their sociopolitical environment for improved health and well-being
o Sustain cognitive and behavioral changes by engaging learners to become partners in their own behaviors
o Empowerment
o Translate health knowledge into interventions for health enhancement, disease prevention, and chronic illness management
o Enhance wellness and decrease disability
o Actualize the health potential of individuals, families, communities, and society
o Influence individuals within their sociopolitical environment for improved health and well-being
o Sustain cognitive and behavioral changes by engaging learners to become partners in their own behaviors
o Empowerment
Learning is an enduring change that involves the modifications of:
o Insight
o Behaviors
o Perceptions
o Motivations
o Insight
o Behaviors
o Perceptions
o Motivations
Learning Theories
- Learning theories assist in understanding how individuals, Families, and groups learn.
__________ theory
__________ theory
__________ learning
Humanistic theory
Cognitive theory
Social learning
Adult Learners
Characteristics that affect learning:
* Need to know
* Concept of self
* Experience
* Readiness to learn
* Orientation to learning
* Motivation
- Need to know
- Concept of self
- Experience
- Readiness to learn
- Orientation to learning
- Motivation
Model of Health Education Empowerment
“Nurses cannot assign power and control to the individual within the community but rather … the “power” must be taken on by the __________ and ____________ with the nurse guiding this dynamic process.”
“Nurses cannot assign power and control to the individual within the community but rather … the “power” must be taken on by the individual and community with the nurse guiding this dynamic process.”
Model of Health Education Empowerment
Process includes examining:
Education
Health
literacy
Gender
Racism
Social Justice
Class
v
Recognizes the structural and foundational changes that are needed to elicit change for socially and politically disenfranchised groups
Process includes examining:
Education
Health
literacy
Gender
Racism
Social Justice
Class
v
Recognizes the structural and foundational changes that are needed to elicit change for socially and politically disenfranchised groups
Community Empowerment
Community members take on greater power to create _______.
Based on community cultural strengths and assets
Community is an engine of health promotion and a vehicle for empowerment.
Need to think ___________
Community members take on greater power to create change.
Based on community cultural strengths and assets
Community is an engine of health promotion and a vehicle for empowerment.
Need to think upstream
The Nurse’s Role in Health Education
BECOME A _________ WITH INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES
SERVE AS CATALYST FOR _________
ACTIVATE IDEAS
OFFER APPROPRIATE _________
IDENTIFY _________
FACILITATE GROUP ____________
BECOME A PARTNER WITH INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES
SERVE AS CATALYST FOR CHANGE
ACTIVATE IDEAS
OFFER APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS
IDENTIFY RESOURCES
FACILITATE GROUP EMPOWERMENT
Enhancing Communication
Inclusion
Nurses need to be cognizant to the __________________ oral exchanges and interactions.
Nurses need to enhance their knowledge and skills to provide culturally effective care.
first introductory
Framework for Developing Health Communications
Framework to create a variety of health education messages and programs
Stage I: _________ and strategy selection
* Foundation for a communication program’s process
* Sets the stage for creating salient communication
Stage II: Developing and pretesting concepts, messages, and ______
o Produce effective and relevant materials
o Select appropriate communication channels
Stage III: _________ the program
o Introduce the health education message and program to the intended audience
o Review and revise necessary components
Stage IV: _________ the effectiveness and making refinements
A. Evaluate outcome to determine whether or not changes in knowledge or behavior occurred
Stage I: Planning and strategy selection
* Foundation for a communication program’s process
* Sets the stage for creating salient communication
Stage II: Developing and pretesting concepts, messages, and materials
o Produce effective and relevant materials
o Select appropriate communication channels
Stage III: Implementing the program
o Introduce the health education message and program to the intended audience
o Review and revise necessary components
Stage IV: Assessing the effectiveness and making refinements
A. Evaluate outcome to determine whether or not changes in knowledge or behavior occurred
Health Education Resources
- Educational materials, media, and resources are available from local, state, and national organizations and agencies.
- Educational materials, media, and resources are available from local, state, and national organizations and agencies.
Health Literacy
National Literacy Act (1991)
o Literacy is operationally defined as the ability to _____________ at the ___________ reading level in any language and can be measured according to a continuum.
o Definition is constantly changing
read and write at the fifth-grade
Health Literacy
- Very low literacy skills are at increased risk for poor ______, which contributes to health disparities.
- Access to health care
- Self Esteem
- Medical Issues
- Informed Consent
- Research
- Questions
health
Helpful Tips for Effective Teaching
Assess reading skills
Determine what client needs to know
Identify motivating factors
Stick with essentials
Set realistic goals and objectives
Use clear and concise language
Develop a glossary of common words
Space teaching over time
Personalize health messages
Incorporate methods of illustration, demonstration, and real-life examples
Give and get
Assess reading skills
Determine what client needs to know
Identify motivating factors
Stick with essentials
Set realistic goals and objectives
Use clear and concise language
Develop a glossary of common words
Space teaching over time
Personalize health messages
Incorporate methods of illustration, demonstration, and real-life examples
Give and get
Helpful Tips for Effective Teaching
*_________ often
*Be creative
*Use appropriate resources and materials
*Praise patients
*Be ___________
*Allow time for ________
*Employ teach-back methods
*Remember that comprehension and understanding take time and practice
*Conduct learner verification
*Evaluate the teaching plan
*Summarize often
*Be creative
*Use appropriate resources and materials
*Praise patients
*Be encouraging
*Allow time for questions
*Employ teach-back methods
*Remember that comprehension and understanding take time and practice
*Conduct learner verification
*Evaluate the teaching plan
Assess Materials: Become a Wise Consumer and User
Evaluate health materials, including websites, before disseminating them
Materials should:
* Strengthen previous teaching
* Be used as an adjunct to health instruction
* Be appropriate for intended audience in community education initiatives
- Strengthen previous teaching
- Be used as an adjunct to health instruction
- Be appropriate for intended audience in community education initiatives
Learner Verification
Learner verification engages intended members in dialogue and helps uncover unsuitable aspects of material.
>
Process helps identify that the message is _______ to the audience.
well suited
Social Media
Social media refers to interactive Internet-based communication channels.
Numerous platforms now available:
Blogs
Online discussion boards
Microblogs
Video-sharing
May reach diverse community
constituents with important public health messages
Potential to do a lot
Can empower community members to make informed health decisions
Social media refers to interactive Internet-based communication channels.
Numerous platforms now available:
Blogs
Online discussion boards
Microblogs
Video-sharing
May reach diverse community
constituents with important public health messages
Potential to do a lot
Can empower community members to make informed health decisions
Risk Reduction
What is Risk?
- “The _________ that a specific event will occur in a given time frame”
- Think of Social and Structural Determinants of health
What is a Risk Factor?
- A risk factor is “an exposure that is associated with _______”
- Modifiable Risk Factors
- Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Risk Identification, Communication, and Reduction
- What are some methods of Risk Reduction?
What is Risk?
- “The probability that a specific event will occur in a given time frame”
- Think of Social and Structural Determinants of health
What is a Risk Factor?
- A risk factor is “an exposure that is associated with disease”
- Modifiable Risk Factors
- Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Risk Identification, Communication, and Reduction
- What are some methods of Risk Reduction?
Health Risks Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
______________________________________________
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
________________________________________
Modifiable Risk Factors
* Diet
* Activity
* Lifestyle
* Substance abuse
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
* Hereditary and Genetic factors
Windshield Survey
Informal survey where health professional drives around the community/area they are researching and records observations.
-essential to know a specific community, identify health-related resources that may be helpful to members, and learn about gaps in services.
-Conducted from ____ & provides visual overview of a community. __________ and trends in the community that could affect the ________ of the population are noted. This data provides background and context for working in the community or for conucting a community assessment
Informal survey where health professional drives around the community/area they are researching and records observations.
-essential to know a specific community, identify health-related resources that may be helpful to members, and learn about gaps in services.
-Conducted from car & provides visual overview of a community. Conditions and trends in the community that could affect the health of the population are noted. This data provides background and context for working in the community or for conucting a community assessment
Why culture is important?
Culture is a strong part of people’s lives. It influences their views, their values, their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears.
Culture is a strong part of people’s lives. It influences their views, their values, their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears.
What is culture?
As community builders, understanding culture is our business.
>
“Culture” refers to a group or community which shares common ____________ that shape the way its members understand the world.
experiences
CULTURAL COMPETENCE
-understanding & appropriately responding to unique combo of cultural variables & the full range of dimensions of diversity that the professional and client/patient/family bring to interactions.
-understanding & appropriately responding to unique combo of cultural variables & the full range of dimensions of diversity that the professional and client/patient/family bring to interactions.
Developing cultural competence is a dynamic and complex process requiring __________ ____________ and continuous expansion of one’s cultural knowledge.
It evolves over time, beginning with an understanding of one’s own culture, continuing through interactions with individuals from various cultures, and extending through one’s own lifelong learning
ongoing self-assessment
Cultural competence in service delivery is increasingly important to:
1 Respond to demographic changes in the United States;
2 Eliminate long-standing ________ in the health status of people based on racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds;
3 Improve the quality of services and health _________; and
4 Meet legislative, regulatory, and accreditation mandates.
1 Respond to demographic changes in the United States;
2 Eliminate long-standing disparities in the health status of people based on racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds;
3 Improve the quality of services and health outcomes; and
4 Meet legislative, regulatory, and accreditation mandates.
Cultural Destructiveness – Practices and policies that ______ cultures and individuals.
Cultural Incapacity – Lack of ability to _________ diverse cultures, though not intentionally harmful.
Cultural Blindness – The belief that culture doesn’t _________, leading to services that ignore cultural differences.
Cultural Pre-Competence – __________ of cultural differences and initial efforts to improve services for diverse populations.
Cultural Destructiveness – Practices and policies that harm cultures and individuals.
Cultural Incapacity – Lack of ability to support diverse cultures, though not intentionally harmful.
Cultural Blindness – The belief that culture doesn’t matter, leading to services that ignore cultural differences.
Cultural Pre-Competence – Awareness of cultural differences and initial efforts to improve services for diverse populations.
Cultural Competency – Involves _________ cultural differences, ongoing self-assessment, understanding cultural dynamics, expanding knowledge, and adapting services. Clinicians effectively apply cultural knowledge in interviews, assessments, and treatment.
Cultural Proficiency – The highest level, where culture is ____________. Agencies advance cultural competence through research, new therapeutic approaches, and knowledge sharing. Clinicians lead by training others, recruiting diverse staff, and contributing to research.
Cultural Competency – Involves respecting cultural differences, ongoing self-assessment, understanding cultural dynamics, expanding knowledge, and adapting services. Clinicians effectively apply cultural knowledge in interviews, assessments, and treatment.
Cultural Proficiency – The highest level, where culture is highly valued. Agencies advance cultural competence through research, new therapeutic approaches, and knowledge sharing. Clinicians lead by training others, recruiting diverse staff, and contributing to research.
What is racial prejudice?
To have an ____________________ attitude or belief towards someone else or attitude or belief towards someone else or another group of people primarily on the basis of skin color or ethnicity.
unfavorable or discriminatory
How can you reduce racial prejudice and racism?
1 Learn about your community.
2 Document activities of racism.
3 Understand the depth of the problem.
4 Identify policies that need to be challenged.
5 Determine short-term and long-term goals.
6 Consider existing and needed resources.
7 Consider how much time you have.
8 Review strategies.
1 Learn about your community.
2 Document activities of racism.
3 Understand the depth of the problem.
4 Identify policies that need to be challenged.
5 Determine short-term and long-term goals.
6 Consider existing and needed resources.
7 Consider how much time you have.
8 Review strategies.
“Spiritual” means…
Spiritual assets, such as compassion and forgiveness, are widely valued
qualities found in every culture and community.
“Spirituality” refers to the qualities that inspire us to do ______________ – for ourselves and for others
what is right and
good
How Can Spiritual Assets Facilitate Community Building?
We believe that certain personal qualities of the change agent or actor – what we call here spiritual assets – can lead to more effective community building and community life in general
- Why might this be so?
- Appreciation (Gratitude)
- Tolerance and Acceptance
We believe that certain personal qualities of the change agent or actor – what we call here spiritual assets – can lead to more effective community building and community life in general
- Why might this be so?
- Appreciation (Gratitude)
- Tolerance and Acceptance
How Spiritual Assets Can Be Used
On an individual and family level
Earlier we offered examples relating to appreciation, tolerance, acceptance, and and compassion. A few others might be:.
Advocating for justice
Practicing humility
Sharing hospitality
On an organizational and community level
Vision statements
Mission statements
Value statements
Planning documents or other written plans
Organizational policies and procedures
Programs for orienting new staff or training current staff
Daily program operations
Promotional materials
Evaluation of organizational or community programs
On an individual and family level
Earlier we offered examples relating to appreciation, tolerance, acceptance, and and compassion. A few others might be:.
Advocating for justice
Practicing humility
Sharing hospitality
On an organizational and community level
Vision statements
Mission statements
Value statements
Planning documents or other written plans
Organizational policies and procedures
Programs for orienting new staff or training current staff
Daily program operations
Promotional materials
Evaluation of organizational or community programs
Some Examples of Spiritual Assets in Practice
Hospitality
Gratitude
Being Charitable toward Others
Justice
Compassion
Hospitality
Gratitude
Being Charitable toward Others
Justice
Compassion
Some Challenges and Issues in applying Spiritual Assets
Desire and readiness
Conversion into action
Strengthening spiritual habits
Time and effort
Spiritual fatigue
Spiritual numbing
Competition
Ethical issues
Special challenges for organization and communities: Establishing proper structures
Desire and readiness
Conversion into action
Strengthening spiritual habits
Time and effort
Spiritual fatigue
Spiritual numbing
Competition
Ethical issues
Special challenges for organization and communities: Establishing proper structures
Active Listening (AL) is the highest and most effective level, characterised by willingness and ability to not just simply hear, but also truly ___________ by listening for the content, intent and feelings of the speaker.
Rogers theorized that active listeners, ‘…listen not only with [their] ears, but with [their] eyes, mind, heart and imagination. ‘
AL requires complete ___________ to what a person is saying, listening carefully whilst showing interest and not interrupting, which tells them that we are genuinely interested in their concerns
Active Listening (AL) is the highest and most effective level, characterised by willingness and ability to not just simply hear, but also truly understand by listening for the content, intent and feelings of the speaker.
Rogers theorized that active listeners, ‘…listen not only with [their] ears, but with [their] eyes, mind, heart and imagination. ‘
AL requires complete attention to what a person is saying, listening carefully whilst showing interest and not interrupting, which tells them that we are genuinely interested in their concerns
EPIDEMIOLOGY
“is the study of ___________ diseases occur in different groups of people and _____ . Epidemiological information is used to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom disease has already developed.”
“is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why. Epidemiological information is used to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom disease has already developed.”
IMPORTANCE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN COMMUNITY HEALTH
A key feature of epidemiology is the measurement of disease outcomes in relation to a population at risk.
The population at risk is the group of people, healthy or sick, who would be counted as cases if they had the disease being studied.
Clinical observations determine decisions about individuals. Epidemiological observations may also guide decisions about individuals, but they relate primarily to groups of people.
A key feature of epidemiology is the measurement of disease outcomes in relation to a population at risk.
The population at risk is the group of people, healthy or sick, who would be counted as cases if they had the disease being studied.
Clinical observations determine decisions about individuals. Epidemiological observations may also guide decisions about individuals, but they relate primarily to groups of people.
EPIDEMIOLOGY HAS BEEN USED TO STUDY THESE CONDITIONS AND MANY MORE
West Nile Virus infections
Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV
Surgical wound infections
Hip fractures
Childhood malnutrition
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Schizophrenia
West Nile Virus infections
Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV
Surgical wound infections
Hip fractures
Childhood malnutrition
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Schizophrenia
Epidemiology can help us identify and understand the factors that influence the emergence, severity, & consequences of health problems
tobacco use and lung cancer
physical activity and heart disease
diet and longevity
lead exposure and developmental disabilities 1
seat belt use and motor vehicle injuries/deaths
childhood vaccine initiatives and child mortality
statin drugs and outcomes of atherosclerotic heart disease
tobacco use and lung cancer
physical activity and heart disease
diet and longevity
lead exposure and developmental disabilities 1
seat belt use and motor vehicle injuries/deaths
childhood vaccine initiatives and child mortality
statin drugs and outcomes of atherosclerotic heart disease
The distribution of a disease within a population can be characterized by three basic questions:
- Who _________ the disease?
- _________ does the disease occur?
- _________ does the disease occur?
- Who develops the disease?
- Where does the disease occur?
- When does the disease occur?
Three key terms are used to describe basic patterns of infectious disease occurrence. The terms are defined by the American Public Health Association (APHA) as:
Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic
- Endemic: The ________ presence of a disease within given geographic area; may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease within such an area.
- Epidemic: The occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in _______ of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or from a propagated source.
- Pandemic: A _________ epidemic.
- Endemic: The habitual presence of a disease within given geographic area; may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease within such an area.
- Epidemic: The occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or from a propagated source.
- Pandemic: A worldwide epidemic.
THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
Etiologic _____
Reservoir
Portal of _____
Mode of _____
Portal of _____
Susceptible _____
Etiologic agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host
Stages of infectious disease
